This is stunning -- Chinese kids under 14 primarily see educational videos on TikTok and are limited to 40 minutes a day. The U.S. version is a free-for-all and has no time limit.
“It’s almost like [Chinese company Bytedance] recognize[s] that technology’s influencing kids’ development, and they make their domestic version a spinach TikTok, while they ship the opium version to the rest of the world,” says Tristan Harris.
Just out: Depression among U.S. teen girls doubled from 2009 to 2019 and was up 74% among teen boys, according to just-released data from the gov't administered National Survey of Drug Use and Health. What does this mean?
Why is the teen birth rate falling? Because
#iGen
is growing up more slowly. It's not just sex and pregnancy; it's also driving, working, drinking alcohol, and going out -- it's all done later.
Two personality psychologists trying to make sense of the weirdness of this cultural moment: Why online culture is so often toxic & why teens are taking longer to grow up (and lots more). My recent discussion with
@jordanbpeterson
:
"Everybody knows" Millennials got screwed by the economy and will never own homes. Surprised to find that's not true: Millennials actually make *more* money than Gen X & Boomers did at the same age. More in the excerpt of my new book, Generations, out in The Atlantic today:
Studies show that Millennials, despite a rough start, are now thriving financially,
@jean_twenge
writes. What if the American dream is still alive, but no one believes it to be?
This is what is remarkable: Teen pregnancy, crime, physical fights, and child poverty are all down since 2010, but teen depression doubled. It should have gone down -- but it didn't, because smartphones and social media led to social isolation & sleep deprivation.
The teen mental health crisis was not caused by reality getting worse around 2012. Their material and physical health improved steadily. To paraphrase Epictetus: "It is not events which disturb teens. It is the device through which they interpret all events."
We found the same thing -- more income means more happiness all the way up the income scale, with no leveling off after $75k. Plus: The link between income and happiness increased 1972-2016.
Several studies find higher income = more happiness, but with a plateau after $60-75K of income, with no happiness advantage for more money after that. In the GSS, that wasn't true -- more money meant more happiness even at the high end. (1/3)
This is what happens when we give individualistic advice like "You shouldn't care what anyone else thinks of you." It's meant to encourage self-confidence, but if you truly don't care about others' views, rudeness and anti-social behavior are the predictable result.
The most important story about why Americans have become sad and alienated and rude, I believe, is also the simplest: We inhabit a society in which people are no longer trained in how to treat others with kindness and consideration.
I'm seeing a lot of posts suggesting this doesn't account for the higher cost of living. But it does: The numbers are median income *corrected for inflation*. In 2021 dollars, Millennials are making more money than Gen X'ers and Boomers at the same age. 🧵(1/3)
Studies show that Millennials, despite a rough start, are now thriving financially,
@jean_twenge
writes. What if the American dream is still alive, but no one believes it to be?
Worldwide, loneliness among teens doubled in just 6 years (2012 to 2018), closely in step with smartphone access. Other factors weren't linked. Solutions: No phones during the school day and enforce age 13 limit on social media. With
@JonHaidt
in
@nytimes
:
This is a crucial point: Teens who quit social media feel left out, and those who stay on often grapple with mental health issues. You can't win. Social media is social. We need group solutions, not individual ones.
WSJ also shared how FB *knows* Instagram's design drives a downward spiral in teen mental health– worse than Snapchat, TikTok.
Facebook is worse than Big Tobacco.
A single person can quit cigarettes.
Instagram *preys* on social exclusion.
Kids feel ostracized if they quit.
Parents: Does this look negligible to you? Twice as many heavy users of social media are depressed vs. non-users, 3x among girls. (From the UK Millennium Cohort Study of 15-year-olds). And yes, there are experiments showing causation as well.
Smartphones aren’t ruining your kids’ mental health.
Studies have found the link between screen time and depression to be negligible. This is one of many convenient myths we parents accept instead of digging deeper into complex behavioral issues.
Keep reading for 3 more myths
SMARTPHONE BAN
In the US, a teacher (Mary Garza) instructed her students to set their phones to loud mode. Each time a notification was received they’d stand up & tally it under a suitable category. This occurred during ONE class period. Each mark is a learning disruption
#edchat
3 truths here:
1. When the "Millennials will never be able to afford houses" complaints were peaking in the 2010s, affordability was actually the best.
2. It's bad right now. Millennials & Gen Z (or anyone) who didn't buy before 2021 are in a tough spot.
3. It was actually worse
Wow, this is a terrible idea ("silent lunch"). Kids & teens already don't get enough time to socialize face-to-face, and now we're going to tell them they can't talk at lunch in school?
Child development much?
A "top" school in NC enforces silent lunch because admins "found that 15 minutes was not enough time to eat if the children were allowed to talk."
Less talking = more instruction time! Better test scores! All that matters!
Q: What fraction of 1994 teens read 10+ books for fun per year?
A: Twice as many as in 2022.
Reading started dropping in the '70s, resurgence '00s, then back down. End result: All-time lows.
From Monitoring the Future (nationally representative survey)
@paulg
@paulg
I wouldn't be surprised if teens read more per day today than they did 30 years ago. But it's in different locations than 30 years ago. I suspect there are some very positive effects of this, and some very negative.
I'd love to know what fraction of 1994 teens read 10+ books
Teens are also less likely to get a driver's license, have a paid job, or drink alcohol. It's part of a broader trend of slower development at every stage: kids are less independent, young adults marry & have kids later, "60 is the new 50." Comes back to technology, which gives
So what did change in teens' lives over this time period when depression increased so much? In 2009, only about half used social media every day; now about 85% do. In 2009, most did not own a smartphone; now about 95% do.
#iGen
#GenZ
The U.S. birth rate is now at the lowest level ever recorded. This is not going to reverse anytime soon: There's a big decline in 18yo who want to have children, esp. young women. (From "The Future" chapter of *Generations.*)
Among teens, every screen activity is correlated with less happiness, and every non-screen activity (except working) is correlated with more happiness. Out today in the
@APA
journal Emotion.
An excerpt from “We’ve Been Sneaking Into Your Brains”
@HumaneTech_
Head of Education,
@MaxStossel
's talk to 800 middle and high school students in Braintree, Massachusetts.
What is HAPPENING here?
Between 2012 and 2023, it appears that average OECD reading, math and science scores have declined consistently.
This is not (just) about pandemic learning loss. It’s not about one US city. It’s not even just the US. This is the entire developed world.
Exactly: Teen happiness was actually increasing until the 2010s, and then it plummeted. This graph from a 2018 paper (in Emotion) shows the first few years of the decline:
Diagnoses of anxiety and depression by hours of screen time among teens. Notes: 1) controls for gender, race/ethnicity, SES, etc. 2) 21% of older teens spend 7+ hours on screens, so this is not a small population.
It's difficult to describe the increase in young adults identifying as transgender since 2014 in words. The graph captures it much better. Data from a CDC survey.
More in *Generations* and the excerpt in
@TIME
:
New paper: Huge increase in the % of hospitalizations involving suicide or self-harm among U.S. teens 2009-2019. Just the latest evidence that the teen mental health crisis is *not* just self-report, and is *not* just due to the pandemic.
Six years after *iGen* caught the first few years of rising teen depression, there's much more data on this concerning trend -- plus more research on what caused it. That's a major part of the Gen Z chapter of my new book, *Generations*.
Really amazing and powerful short film about the downsides of smartphones & social media. Not a coincidence that the observer of all this is a child. What world are we leaving for the next generation?
"professors say students are coming into college with a host of new and alarming learning challenges, including fragmented and distracted thinking, along with sharper limits on what they are willing or able to do"
It's not just that the two trends happened at the same time -- it's that the rise of smartphones and social media had an enormous impact on day to day life for teens. More in my book, iGen, and in this article:
More than a third of kindergarteners and 1st graders are now using social media. Surely we can all agree this is not a good idea. So why aren't we doing something about it?
Because we can't randomly assign people to be born at different times, we can't prove causation. We have to go on the data we have -- and the rise of smartphones & social media had the biggest impact on the most teens, and is thus the most likely to impact mental health.
The implications of the mental health crisis among Gen Z and Millennials in the U.S. and Canada: My latest in
@globeandmail
. Based on the research in *Generations*:
After rising 1991-2012, teens' happiness suddenly plunged 2012-2016. Unusual to have such a quick generational shift -- in this case from
#Millennials
to
#iGen
. In the
@APA
journal Emotion, out today.
Are there other possible causes? Sure. But it's tough to think of anything else that changed consistently over this time period that had as big an impact on so many people. No matter what the cause: We need more resources for teen mental health. This can't continue.
Very consistent with the charts in the Millennial chapter of *Generations*: Millennials and Gen Z are doing very well financially despite the extremely common idea that they will never catch up to previous generations. They already have.
Major update to the Generational Wealth chart. Based on the updated SCF data, young people have a lot more wealth than we had previously thought.
Millennials and Gen Z have dramatically more wealth than Gen X had at the same age, and it's growing fast!
When discussing the huge increase in Gen Z suicide, many counter, "But the suicide rate is highest among middle-aged men." Not anymore. Since 2020, suicide is more common among American men in their 20s than those in their 50s. More on S*bst*ck (link in profile).
Could not have had a more fantastic time on the
@RealTimers
show with
@BillMaher
talking about *Generations* last night! So rare and appreciated to have an in-depth discussion of people & ideas on TV.
What did Facebook's internal research conclude about Instagram and teen mental health? I read all 209 pages so you don't have to. There's a lot in the documents that hasn't been covered yet. Includes advice for policy based on the leaked research:
For the critics saying the absolute numbers of teen girl suicides are small: But the number with clinical depression is *not* small: 28%, up from 12% in 2011. That's *3.6 million* U.S. girls. But we also have to examine suicide as the critics dismiss the depression stats as
@Leesplez
The increase in teen girl depression is large in absolute terms. Critics said that could be due to more liberal diagnosis and greater awareness. So that’s why Haidt is focusing on suicide.
The small absolute increase in suicide supports a large absolute increase in depression.
They're not the only one ... and it's part of a broader decline in teens doing adult things & delaying the milestones of adolescence. Graph from the Gen Z chapter of Generations.
Negative news gets clicks, so becomes more common. The result: Pervasive pessimism disconnected from reality. Many believe the economy is terrible (even when it's not) and are certain this is the worst time in history to live (when in many ways it's the best time).
New paper: An analysis of news coverage between 1850 and 2020 finds that the news "has become increasingly negative across all states in the past half century."
Economic sentiment has plunged since 2000. Non-econ news sentiment has steadily declined since 1980.
The vocabulary skills of U.S. college graduates declined 1972-2016. Vocabulary is a key part of verbal IQ. New study with
@wkeithcampbell
&
@RyneSherman
in the journal Intelligence:
🧵A few years ago, a slew of articles told parents they didn't need to worry about teens' screen time, because links to mental health were too small to matter. It turns out those studies were hiding something: Social media.
We know young kids shouldn't be on social media. So why don't their parents stop them? Because they can't. Parental permission is not required, and age isn't verified. We need more regulation, not knee-jerk "where are the parents?" arguments.
The smartphone era has brought an alarming rise in loneliness, depression, and other mental-health issues among kids.
We must keep children and young teens off social media, but parents alone can’t do it. |
@jean_twenge
Social media has co-opted our kids' time and attention. 3 out of 4 spend 2+ hours a day on social media -- less than 1 out of 3 spend that much time on homework. Average social media use is 4 hrs/day, about as much as a part-time job (from a new Gallup report). Not healthy.
My kids go to a public middle school in NYC where they lock up their phones for the day. This is what the school observed:
“Overall, the program has been a massive success. We are happy to share that we continue to see the benefits of using Yondr, with increased student
Important note: The left graph in
@DKThomp
's post is more about teens taking longer to grow up, which has both upsides (less alcohol) and downsides (less independence). More concerning is the decline in teens going out with friends (from the Gen Z ch. of *Generations*).
It’s mostly cringe for middle aged people to gawk at general changes in younger generations, but the anti-socialization of childhood in America is really a stunning thing to see all at once. ht
@jean_twenge
No, it's not all rosy (yep, student loans). But Millennial women are making *a lot* more than Boomer women did, and Millennial incomes are higher bc more went to college. These are great developments. Why is it bad to note that a generation has been financially successful? (3/3)
The rise in depression also continued for young adults (ages 18 to 25), from 8.3% in 2011 to 13.8% in 2018. Thus, 66% more young adults in 2018 (vs. 2011) had clinical-level depression. But little change for those 26+. Per NS-DUH:
The 2019 data makes it clear that the rise in teen depression is not due to the Great Recession. In fact, it's exactly the *opposite* of what you'd expect if teen depression were caused by economic struggles: As depression rose 2009-2019, the U.S. economy was steadily improving.
Remember the paper finding that "screen time" was just as correlated with well-being as potatoes? Zero in on devices & social media, and links to well-being are stronger than for hard drugs, obesity, and sometimes even heroin use. Hold the french fries!
Heavy social media use predicts more depression a year later, even when controlled for past depression in new large, longitudinal study of teens. Suggests at least some of association is social media --> depression.
@KERiehm
@JAMAPsych
Sharp increases in distress, depression, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts & suicide in the U.S. since 2011 -- mostly among teens and young adults, less for ages 26+. Our latest in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, showing stronger cohort effects:
Common fallacy: "Because social media use and in-person socializing are positively correlated, SM can't be the cause of the decline in face-to-face socializing." This confuses individual-level effects (social kids are social kids) and group-level effects (as SM use rose over the
Also stunning since negativity went *up* between 2021 and 2023 as the COVID pandemic waned. Why are people so negative right now? (Honestly asking; theories welcome).
This is stunning: A majority of Americans believe life today is worse than it was half a century ago.
What was different — and better— about the lives of people in 1973?
And what is worse about today?
Literacy Crisis on College Campuses: Today's post-secondary students struggle to read long passages or avoid reading them at all. Sound article except for the initial framing
@Slate
It began long before
#bookbans
with dumbed down learning materials full of pictures
Fascinating chart of what has increased in price and what has decreased in price. The biggest surprise: The cost of housing is very close to overall inflation. Health care, college, and child care are more expensive, but cars, clothes, and electronics are more affordable.
Gen X is the most Republican generation when you control for age. Only recent gen to tilt Republican while young. The left's recent "you can't say that" movement gave them no reason to change. (Tho they're also not fans of the similar ideas on the right).
These same trends appear when teens are asked about these activities in time-lag studies (say, Boomers as teens in 1976, Gen Z as teens in 2022 -- see *iGen* and *Generations*). So it's not memory bias. Gen Z really is taking longer to grow up, and they really are experiencing
We asked over 5000 Americans about their teenage experiences.
The generational differences are stark, and Gen Z leads the pack when it comes to loneliness.
Read the JUST RELEASED report:
🚨 This is huge: Facebook did internal research showing Instagram is linked to mental health issues among teen girls. (& supposedly the sample sizes are massive). What does this mean?
“WE MAKE BODY IMAGE ISSUES WORSE FOR 1 IN 3 TEEN GIRLS.” That’s a document that Facebook employees shared internally, summarizing research about teen girls who experience these issues
By me,
@JeffHorwitz
+
@dseetharaman
It's bc teens are less likely to do all adult activities, not just working. This slow life strategy happens with longer life spans, and also explains why people now marry & have children later and why "50 is the new 40." Not all good or all bad, just is. (⬇️U.S. 12th graders)
A common difference I see between Gen X and millennials/GenZ in the workplace is the number of odd jobs they had in their youth. Many attribute this change to greater class divisions or the growing number of college graduates, but it seems to have much more to do with culture.
Always welcome the opportunity to talk about why our 16-year-old had a flip phone until last month. Oh, and lots of other stuff on generations and technology, too!
Exactly -- found the same thing in the Gen Z chapter of *Generations*. Might be one of the primary drivers behind the more pronounced rise in depression among liberal teens -- they are seeing friends in person less. Liberal teens are also spending more time on social media.
1/ Weekly recreational outings have been falling for 12th-graders across the board, but this decline generally leveled off among cons. students around 2015, whereas it has continued apace among libs (who tended to go out more frequently than cons. until the late 2000s or so)
When we put a cell phone ban in place everyone said it would be LITERALLY impossible to enforce. I now walk the halls and cafeteria and see zero phones anywhere. I’m done listening to the “experts” when it comes to what’s possible in schools, especially when it comes to behavior.
NSDUH screens adolescents (ages 12 to 17) using clinical criteria for major depressive episode in the last year. Twice as many teen girls in 2019 (vs. 2009) have clinical-level depression, and 74% more teen boys do as well. Why?
The rule in our house: You don't get a smartphone until you have your driver's license. Before that, only phones with no internet access and no social media. Love the suggestions here on ways to help kids be safer in the digital age.
@TODAYshow
The evidence is now overwhelming that depression, self-harm, suicide attempts, and suicide have increased among U.S. teens since 2012. See a summary of studies collected by
@JonHaidt
and I here:
Wonderful but little-known fact: Tom Lehrer (who's 94) recently gifted his lyrics to the public domain, so you can quote them in books, articles, etc. for free:
I once saw Daniel Radcliffe sing an entire Tom Lehrer song off the top of his head on the Graham Norton show. He's the right guy for this. He's one of us.
There's a reason this is getting traction -- so many people feel this way. "I don't like it, but I feel compelled to do it" is the classic pattern for addictive behaviors.
As just two examples:
Is right now really worse than 2008-09 during the Great Recession (particularly for young college graduates, who were Millennials at the time)?
Is it worse than the 1960s-80s, when the prospect of nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia seemed ever-present?
Exactly. We think of social media as "free" because we don't pay in dollars. But we pay with our time, we pay with our attention, and we are, apparently, also paying with our children's mental health.
Preteens shouldn't be on social media -- I know because I was one.
My latest in
@nypost
, featuring research by
@jean_twenge
and
@JonHaidt
:
I’m hard-pressed to make the case that barring preteens from social media somehow deprives them of liberty.
If anything, children are
Really fascinating, and consistent with other research on teens and young adults:
-- Wanting to have a job helping others up 2008-2022
-- Importance of "helping others in difficulty" up 2008-2019
-- Narcissism up 1982-2007, down 2008-2016
Gen Z & younger Millennials = more
Is rising dep. due to academic pressures? One measure of academic pressure is homework time, which has not changed consistently over this time period -- it's actually down among 8th graders 2009-2018, and has ups and downs among 10th & 12th graders.
Still hoping we can push school start times later here in California. The research on this has been definitive for a good 20 years. It's not laziness -- it's biology.
When Seattle made start times for middle and high schools later, students got an average of 34 more minutes of sleep, grades improved, and tardiness and absences decreased, a study found.
Finally: A test of the social media & mental health link at the *group* level: College campuses and the Facebook rollout in the 2000s. And ... yes, when campuses got Facebook, more depression followed. Extremely clever idea to use this natural experiment.
"We provide the first quasi-experimental estimates of the impact of social media on mental health by leveraging the staggered introduction of FB across U.S. colleges. We find that FB increased symptoms of poor mental health..."
New from
@RoeeLevyZ
et al
The happiness of white Americans without a college degree has steadily declined since the 1970s, but the happiness of whites with a college degree has stayed steady. Data from the General Social Survey
in the
@APA
journal Emotion:
(1/7)
2012: First year majority own a smartphone, Facebook buys Instagram, teens using social media every day crosses 70%. And it keeps going from there. Now the average teen spends 5 hours a day on social media and less than 15% read every day.
"Many of the girls interviewed for this story asked that adults listen to and believe girls, and stop dismissing their concerns as drama. ... [one said] 'I want adults to believe young girls.'" This, exactly. Stop denying what girls are telling us.
This. When academics say "depression is caused by so many things -- why are we worrying about social media?" they ignore that the other causes have not changed. In fact, many have declined in the last few decades (e.g., violent crime is down, as is child poverty). Yet teen
@daviddesteno
The problem is, of course, that the account "The most influential factors include a family history of mental disorder; early exposure to adversity, such as violence and discrimination; and school- and family-related stressors, among others" does not address the question of change