Amanda Marie Martinez
@Amammartinez
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Historian. Postdoc @AMST_UNC & @CPPFD_UNC recipient. Writing a history of the country music business in the post-Civil Rights era. Views my own.
Nashville, Tennessee
Joined April 2019
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Pinned Tweet
My essay, on the history behind how the country music genre ≠ the format of country radio. And the long legacy of Black country music.
Thanks to
@musicoddington
&
@statonfrankie
for speaking with me for this piece.
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In country music, the city v rural= corrupt v moral binary has existed for a long, long time.
Let’s think about how Aldean’s latest anti-city song is part of a longer tradition in country music, rather than an outlier.
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Couldn’t be happier to join UNC-Chapel Hill’s Dept of American Studies this fall as a recipient of the Carolina Postdoctoral Program for Faculty Diversity! Truly my dream intellectual environment! Gratitude to family, friends, mentors, & colleagues who’ve made this possible.
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My piece for NPR today. Lucky to have spoken w/ some folks I really admire for this. Big thank you to
@Dr_JessieW
@learothawms
&
@tressiemcphd
for their time and invaluable insights here.
(I will now be muting this post's responses for now!)
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My piece for NPR, on where “Try That” sits in country music’s history.
Major thanks to
@AndreaWillWrite
@AuntB
&
@KevinMKruse
for helping provide crucial context.
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Grateful to accept a postdoc at the James Weldon Johnson Institute for the Study of Race & Difference at Emory next year. I've long admired this center & know how privileged I am to work on my research & writing there. Indebted to family, friends, & mentors for this opportunity.
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When doing research on the country music industry in the 1970s, I’ve been amazed by the number of Black women country artists I’ve encountered. Linda Martell was the most well known, but there were several others. This is a friendly reminder they’ve always existed, of course.
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Aldean's latest song is no doubt scary, but let's think about how it's part of a larger, longer narrative in country music. When we think of him as unique we lose sight of how neatly he actually fits within deeper country music traditions.
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Few people have loved country music the way Charley Pride did. This is just so sad. From the Ken Burns doc:
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For all the talk of small towns in country music, though, most listeners have *not* been rural for as long as the anti city song has ruled. Then & now, the "country" is positioned as an imaginary place where morality & implicitly purely white life "still" (it never did) exists
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My piece in the LA Times today: As country music faces a racial reckoning, a new question: Where are the Latino artists?
This one hit home a bit extra for me. Special thank you to
@valerieponzio
and
@leahturnermusic
for sharing your stories with me.
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Reminder to Nashville that racism doesn’t just look like a racial slur. It’s also refusing to take Black artists seriously, asking anyone other than a white person, “How did YOU get into country music??” Everyone’s all up in arms when this is an everyday occurrence in some form
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Recently we’ve been reminded Sidney Poitier was the first Black man to win a best actor Oscar in 1964, & it wasn’t until 2002 Denzel Washington became the second. This tracts closely w/ the rise of Charley Pride & Darius Rucker, the only longterm Black country superstars.
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Grateful to accept a fellowship where I’ll teach history of country music in the Dept of Recording Industry
@MTSU
this next year as I finish my dissertation. Can’t wait to work w/ students, get back into archives, & continue to call Nashville home.
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My piece for NPR. If country music is about “fabricating authenticity,” then no one has ever done it better than Loretta Lynn.
Huge thanks to
@annkpowers
for essential feedback and
@Dr_JessieW
and
@data_jada
for their crucial assists here as well.
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We need to think about why these pieces about Dolly sainthood have become so prevalent. In the age of long overdue conversations about country music’s race problem, Dolly sainthood provides a convenient deflection for people on the left who don’t want to grapple w/ liking country
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For years country’s “why can’t we get along” songs have let right wing extremism off the hook. It’s part of a long history of country artists claiming to be “apolitical” when there’s no such thing. Only those in privileged positions can claim to be unaffected by political turmoil
I like Luke Combs and Billy Strings, but the last thing I want to hear on the first day of Black History Month in the year 2021 is another "why can't we all just get over it and get along?" song from two white dudes. Just...stop.
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At this exciting moment for Black women in country music, thought it'd be good to repost this. They've always been here.
When doing research on the country music industry in the 1970s, I’ve been amazed by the number of Black women country artists I’ve encountered. Linda Martell was the most well known, but there were several others. This is a friendly reminder they’ve always existed, of course.
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By the 1960s especially, w/in the context of urban uprisings in response to racism and the rise of "law and order" politics to quell them, anti city songs inevitably became a dog whistle against implicitly non white city centers. Aldean is tapping into this long tradition.
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Second gun lockdown at UNC in past few weeks. Thank you to the janitors who immediately consoled the group of us that ran into a random building on campus & then monitored the door. That should NOT be part of the job & these folks need a raise for navigating this kind of labor
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Unpopular opinion but I don't hear "Coal Miner's Daughter" (1970) as a working class anthem. It's a bootstrap story abt social mobility, overcoming poverty, & "the memories of a coal miner's daughter." We need to remember it w/in context of growing anti welfare rhetoric of time
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I've got an Op-Ed in the Tennessean today. The country music must confront its troubling racial past:
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[Always like to point out how Bobbie Gentry’s “Fancy” (1969) is a rare alternative to the narrative that the city will only lead to pure ruin. Here it is a source of social mobility, even if it does rest on sex work]
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At this moment when so many are rightly celebrating Linda Martell’s legacy, please also help boost the documentary her granddaughter
@QuiaTarantino
has made about her. Please help spread the word and help out if you can:
i hope this beyoncé era inspires people to look up some influential Black artists in country music. linda martell was the first Black woman solo artist to play the grand ole opry. she endured so much. i learned about her during one of my many research nights on jstor at rutgers.
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At times, the country music industry’s disinterest in expanding its listeners racially in the past has confounded me. Wouldn’t u expect a business try to sell its products to anyone willing 2 buy? It’s more complicated. A thread on race, capitalism, & the country music business:
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The claim that the country music industry should be receptive to Black/Brown artists based on their potential to sell records is undermined by the story of The [Dixie] Chicks. For this industry, it's not about the ability to sell records, but a willingness to play by their rules.
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First day teaching *my own* class! I am super excited to share this course with students and hope they’ll have fun. Also SO grateful to be teaching remotely. Let’s go!
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So what's it all mean, then & now? In the context of the 50s-70s, anti city songs were partly a product of anxiety surrounding the move from rural to urban--which actually meant the increased suburbanization of the formerly rural, upwardly mobile white country audience
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Of course George Strait was a big Chente fan. And the love goes both ways, Strait’s got a huge Mexican/Mex American fan base (my family included). What I’m more interested in is, why is this surprising/what forces keep it surprising to so many? Culture doesn’t recognize borders.
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In the 1950s-70s anti city songs hit their peak in country music, framing the city as a place where violence, sexual immorality, & loneliness reigns. On the flip side, the "country" was a place where peace & happiness ruled
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It’s the clear heir to Hank Jr.’s “A Country Boy Can Survive” (1981), a song w a similar message that says “you only get mugged if you go downtown” & a warning not to cross him: “I got a shotgun, a rifle & a four-wheel drive/& a country boy can survive.”
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Honored to learn my article has won California History's Richard J. Orsi Prize for the best article published in its journal in 2021. What!! Biggest thanks to my mom for teaching me from a young age that punk rock rules.
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I am proud to have an article in this special edition of
@JPMS_Pop
. It touches on my dissertation’s larger argument about the country music industry’s historic investment in whiteness, and how this investment has been challenged by fans and musicians.
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The country music business has 2 possible routes: continue on the very lucrative path its been on for generations (& really its entire existence), catering to a marketplace built on white anxiety/reactionary right wing politics. Or build a new audience built on inclusivity. 1/2
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The culture of fear in speaking out in country is often only framed around artists. This piece importantly shows how that fear also dominates industry staffers, who end up being complicit in upholding a conservative system while hypocritically claiming different personal politics
Talked to a lot of people in Nashville this week who were genuinely stunned that Jason Aldean's PR firm dropped him, and about why the normally whispered, behind-the-scenes divides in country music are spilling out in public more than ever.
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Most often, though, the city led to immorality for women. A big example is Bobby Bare’s “The Streets of Baltimore” (1966), where a man takes his woman to the city but she’s left “walking the streets of Baltimore.”
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Countless others framed the city as a place where immoral women lived or former "good girls" would go bad, like Dolly Parton’s “False Eyelashes” (1968), Loretta Lynn’s “Woman of the World” (1969), & George and Tammy’s “Southern California” (1977)
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Songs warned the city was a place where one was driven to murder, as heard in Stonewall Jackson’s “A Life to Go” (1958) where a man goes "one night where the lights are bright" and kills someone, & in Johnny Cash’s “Don’t Take Your Guns to Town” (1958)
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The cost of speaking out (on the left) in Country Music: Morris is leaving it. It’s exhausting pushing to change a system that has no incentive to. “The further you get into the country music business, that’s when you start to see the cracks.”
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Meanwhile, the “country” was framed as a pleasant alternative to the dirtiness (among all else) of the city, heard in Dottie West’s “Country Sunshine” (1973), Haggard’s “Big City” (1982), & up to more contemporary songs like McGraw and Hill’s “Meanwhile Back at Mama’s” (2014)
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This isn’t a criticism for liking Dolly. But why can’t we just love her for what she is—a great singer/songwriter. Why the obsession with turning her into a god??
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Happy to have this piece in
@madebyhistory
today, on the paradox that is country music. Though it’s been marketed as the sound of white supremacy, it has the potential to be the most inclusive music community that exists.
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Songs elsewhere framed the city as a place of loneliness due to heartbreak, heard in Ray Price’s “City Lights” (1962) and Tammy Wynette’s “Apartment
#9
” (1967), where she explains “loneliness surrounds me, without your arms around me.”
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Reminder Bobbie Gentry was/is the coolest: "Fancy is my strongest statement for women’s lib...I agree wholeheartedly w/ that movement & all the serious issues that they stand for—equality, equal pay, day care centers, & abortion rights.” (1974)
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The fact that Jerry Lee Lewis’s many disturbing misgivings were overlooked to give him the highest honor in country music says all to know about the CMA voting block behind this decision. These folks would rather die on the hill supporting JLL than any Black/Brown artist or woman
JUST ANNOUNCED: music executive Joe Galante, singer-pianist Jerry Lee Lewis, and singer Keith Whitley are joining the Country Music Hall of Fame.
Congratulations to the new members-elect.
#HonorThyMusic
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There’s nothing that deters me from listening to a new album more than the claim that it’s the “next savior of country music.” I cringe. Also, the obsession w/ policing country’s authenticity has historically been one of the biggest reinforcers of racism (& sexism) w/in the genre
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Reminder to the country music genre police: country is a manmade creation, built to enforce racial segregation. 100+ years ago, Black & white rural Southerners played/shared music that often sounded the same. It was only until the music was commodified that it was segregated.
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Yes Aldean grew up in Macon, not a small town. But pointing that out fuels the myth that country stars "sing the songs the live" & are thus "authentic" voices of rural life vs highly commodified products. What's imp in my mind isn't who's singing, but who they're singing *to*
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Huge thank you to everyone here for being so nice. Glad to just feel validated. Knew this was coming, just not this extreme. Now just trying to make sense of all this outrage, & how it is & isn't different from other backlash that comes w/ talking about inclusion in country music
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News sources quickly dropped the Wallen story bc it feels like old news by now — but that’s the point, that should be the story. A week ago everyone asked if this would be country music’s reckoning. No, the industry was ready to forgive/forget a few days in. Let’s talk about why
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Early rock n roll backlash/racism is often framed w/in context of the South/Jim Crow. But see here my hometown, Santa Cruz, CA, banned rock n roll under similar racial pretenses. Besides clear anti-Blackness, reference to the teens being from Watsonville=saying they were Mexican
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I keep seeing the argument that everything's about $ for the country music industry. I think this is true, but not always obvious. For instance, why didn't the industry embrace Old Town Road when it was on its record-breaking ascent? The story has a lot in common w/ these albums.
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Love how my day’s now being eaten up by white men’s “whataboutism” when it comes to Latinos in country music. When they clearly didn’t read the article. Yes, I considered Linda Rondstdt. Yes, The Mavericks. What does your point prove?? Counting 1 or 2 more Latinos proves my point
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The paradox is country has potential to be the most inclusive music community that exists. It has unparalleled appeal across race, region, class, sexuality. But I'm not yet convinced the industry, overall, is willing to change. The market for white anxiety is larger than ever 2/2
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I know it can sound like I'm attacking country music, but that's not the point. I LOVE country music. It is my favorite art form, by far. My critique is not of the music, but how the music has been sold. Again, the distinction between the music and the business is key.
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I’ve got a class of 20 country music fans! What a privilege. Let’s go.
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A reminder the rest of society isn’t far behind country music. It runs deep, & far beyond representation and overt racism.
To fight it is a long haul effort & burnout can happen quick. Something to keep in mind as we consider how best to use our limited, valuable energy.
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Someone (don't think I'm the right person) needs to write something on race & the weirdness that unites Tommy Bahama, Jimmy Buffet, Kenny Chesney, etc. fans into their own subculture of retiree chill vibes. If this exists please alert me to it (I know about the Parrot Head movie)
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Band has racially problematic name for several years. Worldwide protest against racism forces band to finally change name. Band fails to verify name was already used by a Black artist. Band continues w/ name. Band sues to officially steal name from Black artist. Whiteness at work
Attorneys for
#LadyA
, formerly known as
#LadyAntebellum
, have filed a suit against blues singer
#AnitaWhite
who goes by the name Lady A.
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This year I've had the incredible opportunity to work w/ MTSU music business students for a class on the history of race & the country music industry. It's been such a privilege to engage w/ these v smart students each week & I'm truly sad I won't be able to continue. So...
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Whataboutism (as in what about Charley Pride! Linda Ronstadt!) is why representation is no where near enough. How much of a difference does it really make if a couple artists make it through when systemic barriers continue to exclude everyone else?
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I love Miranda Lambert’s music more than anyone, but Tequila Does has really gotten a pass despite its endless stereotypes about Mexican identity. This as she’s also just opened her “cantina” downtown. Doesn’t matter that she’s from Texas (which somehow is supposed to excuse it?)
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Fantastic news that Ray Charles is in!
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music is one of the albums that’s done the MOST historically to promote the growth of the country music audience. Wonderful!!
JUST ANNOUNCED: drummer Eddie Bayers, singer-pianist-composer Ray Charles, steel guitarist Pete Drake, and mother-daughter duo the Judds are joining the Country Music Hall of Fame.
Congratulations to the new members-elect.
Click below for more.
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Well, I was not expecting to have Roy Acuff stans in my country music history class lol. And meanwhile a real lack of love for Hank Williams?? Here for it though. (Not to say I agree. Don’t see how anyone could say Acuff is better to listen to than HW!)
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I had a great time talking with Olivia Roos for this piece. I'm grateful to be a part of these conversations.
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Just made friends with Brenda Lee at Kroger. We gossiped about Prince Harry and Megan and she told me to keep rockin’ 😭😭
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This is incredibly awful. Lorenzo Molina Ruiz, trumpet player for The Mavericks, was brutally assaulted at a bar just south of Nashville for speaking Spanish. This is the kind of violence emboldened by our current political leadership.
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It’s a special day bc For Love & Country is out on Amazon. This is a beautiful film that does what the best creative works do, which is make you feel many emotions. I laughed (a lot) & cried (a lot). I’ve never been more proud to be a part of something. I hope you’ll watch!
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I see it so often, so: Richard Nixon is often oversimplified as a turning point for country music, implying he’s to blame for making it a tool for the right. While not totally incorrect, these assertions often obscure the fact the country industry acted w/ full agency here
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When making broad statements about “country music,” it’s crucial to be specific about what you’re talking about. Is it the nebulous type of music? The marketing category? The Nashville industry?? Etc. My focus is on Nashville in the post Charley Pride (1965) era, for instance.
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I'd like to offer my class, Old Time Music to Old Town Road: Race & the Country Music Business Since the 1920s, for free to the public, w/ caveat that attendance is mandatory. Please spread the word & dm if interested. *Priority will be given to those in Nashville music industry*
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@samsanders
I hate this. Into It has been a bright spot of my week, where amidst all the terrible, I was guaranteed time to enjoy the feeling of being a fly on the wall listening to v funny, smart breakdowns of the week’s pop culture. I only hope bigger & brighter things are ahead for you!
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Taking talents elsewhere isn’t really an option for early career academics in a rapidly obliterated job market, especially in the humanities & social sciences. There are also a lot of wonderful scholars, students, & libraries/archives that feel not worth leaving behind.
UNC Chapel Hill was literally built by enslaved people and would not admit their descendants until forced to do so by the courts a century after the Civil War, and still does not enroll Black people proportionate to their state population. Republicans want to kill diversity
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It lives!! It’s been a privilege getting to see this project grow over the years. Congrats
@JM_Thompson
!
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And these rules have historically played into conservative, racist, sexist, classist, and anti-LGBTQ politics. The industry will have to remake itself from the ground up if real, inclusive change is to come.
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Excited to listen but first wanted to say what stands out to me about OB is he recorded women when there just weren’t many single women recording, before mid 60s-ish. Also came across a 1971 article where he blew off the myth that women can’t sell records. Thought that was cool.
CR016 - Owen Bradley's Nashville Sound comes out in a couple of days, so I thought it would be an interesting experiment to ask a question in advance and see how many minds are changed by the episode.
What does Owen Bradley's name mean to you?
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What an insane honor to have been a part of this. Cannot wait to see the final product, out 4/7.
.
@PrimeVideo
is releasing a doc on 4/7 featuring
@JimmieAllen
,
@blancobrown
,
@breland
,
@ShyCarter
,
@MickeyGuyton
,
@WillieJones
,
@TheValerieJune
,
@amythystkiah
,
@TheReynaRoberts
,
@outsidechild13
,
@BrittNicx
, and
@statonfrankie
.
Amazing.
via
@tennessean
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But will Beyoncé get played on country radio? History tells us no. Which means she won’t be eligible for country awards.
@data_jada
research on radio data is key on this.
@_love_holly_
Yes - and if it isn't played on radio in a high-enough capacity to chart (and in some cases reach the top 10 of an industry chart), then it's not eligible for consideration.
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The
@opry
went MEXICAN tonight with
@carinleonofi
and Idk if I’ll ever recover!! Insane vibes and highs
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@AndreaWillWrite
A month after he appeared at the CMAs around a bunch of UNMASKED people!!!! I am so angry.
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Ok, had to lock my account until this blows over. This day has truly been insane. I'm not naive, I knew backlash was coming. But this is next level.
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With how the CMA treated Beyoncé, I hope they don’t pretend to engage this time. Again they don’t deserve her attn & she doesn’t need its validation. This is abt reclaiming country’s Black past & future, not on Nashville’s terms, & in vein of the BCMA,
@colormecntry
&
@BlackOpry
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A year ago I was hanging with Brenda Lee at Kroger 😔
Just made friends with Brenda Lee at Kroger. We gossiped about Prince Harry and Megan and she told me to keep rockin’ 😭😭
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Country music will never change w/ calls for unity. It’ll only change w/ direct rebukes of its long relationship w/ reactionary right wing politics. Failing to bc of backlash fear is complicit. Tired of having to use a 🔎 to gauge if a statement/song winks @ progressive politics
“This is not a political statement. This is a statement of unity,”
@garthbrooks
says of accepting Biden’s invitation to perform at the inauguration.
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There's so much to say in processing her legacy, but Loretta Lynn is probably my favorite woman artist ever in country music. For now here is one of my favorites. Thank you Miss Loretta for all you've given us.
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Not watching the CMAs but I am truly happy to see some moments worth celebrating.
At the same time it’s hard to forget what happened last year to Charley Pride. Still not sure how they reasoned his health could be worth putting at risk.
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A reminder to fellow academics about sharing your research with journalists: please be discerning about what you share and with whom. Because it really hurts to not get cited for journalism that would not exist without your work. All we ask is to be cited.
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This is cool for Dollywood workers, but like virtually every other “heart warming” story in the news, it’s an indictment on the society we live in. We shouldn’t have to rely on a small number of very rich people to give some people the opportunity to go to college.
News from
@Dollywood
: "Dollywood Parks & Resorts today announced it will cover 100% of tuition, fees and books for any employee who chooses to pursue further education." Program to launch 2/24 for all seasonal, PT, FT employees, & they can enroll day 1 of their employment.
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Well that Tequila Does tweet really hit a nerve. I’ll say this: Replace the lyrics w/ stereotypes about any other race/ethnicity/class, etc. Is it still ok? And again, the point is that Latino culture is being appropriated while actual Latinos are not supported in country music.
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Do you have Netflix? Check out this new episode of Explained on country music! They did a great job telling the whole history in just 25 min.
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Bc I am an uncool person, I almost always prefer to enjoy music in the comfort of my own home. The Mavericks are an exception. Excited for this.
It’s SHOW WEEK in Nashville!! We are so excited to take
@theryman
stage this weekend for our first-ever 2 Night Run! ✌️ Join us in-person with limited 🎟 left at or wherever you are with streaming tix at 📺 SEE YOU IN THE PEWS!! 💒
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Yes. An example why we shouldn’t worship celebrities or purport to truly know them personally; celebrities like Dolly are calculated brands first and foremost.
Dolly’s new protest anthem is of course well calculated to satisfy no matter what side the listener is on politically.
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Excited about this new friend, 1973 GE stereo set up. Tbh haven’t listened to music nearly as much as I’d have liked to the past few years. Writing about music (or rather, the music industry) can take the humanity out of listening if you’re not careful. But that’s gonna change!
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Academic colleagues often claim escaping the South will offer relief from austerity. The present scene at the ivies & UCLA show there is no relief guaranteed anywhere.
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Happy to have this article out in California History. To me it's a case study for thinking about an early episode of the culture wars in the 80s (esp. related to PMRC censorship battles), and how country music became the sound of Reagan-era conservatism.
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The fact is nonwhite artists have never even been able to get their foot in the door in Nashville. And yet calling that out is asking too much? We have a long, long way to go.
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I am too enraged and devastated to begin to process this. This did NOT have to happen.
Sad to share the news that Charley Pride died today in Dallas due to complications from Covid-19 at age 86.
Charley is country music’s first Black superstar and the first Black member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
#RIPCharleyPride
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Staying true to its tendency to be at least a decade behind the mainstream, the rise of Zach Bryan means country music has entered its Lumineers phase
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