I'm on the #EconJobMarket!. Millions of women dropped out of the labor force in rural India starting in the mid-2000s. Why?. My #JMP shows that gendered commuting frictions + urban-biased growth is an important part of the answer. 🔗#EconTwitter 🧵👇. 1/6

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📜Previous work has attributed the decline to rising HH incomes in a patriarchal society. But norms are slow-moving; policy action risks backlash (see my other work: . ✅Making commuting safe and comfortable for women can be an effective policy target.

3️⃣I calibrate a spatial general equilibrium model to perform policy counterfactuals. 👉Relaxing gendered commuting frictions would have mitigated the observed⬇️in female labor force participation b/w 2001-2011 by 30%. 👉⬇️spatial misallocation would ⬆️ total output by 0.4-1%.

❓Driving mechanism = women face higher commuting frictions than men. 👉Men started commuting across the rural-urban boundary but women did not. 👉In line with the fact that women rely more on public modes of transport, CZs with good bus networks display smaller gender gaps.

2️⃣I use a trade shock — China's WTO entry in 2001 — to generate a `first stage'. 👉Rising import competition reallocated non-farm sector jobs from the rural periphery to the urban core over time. 👉Significant gender employment gaps appear in areas that lost job access.

1️⃣I construct commuting zones (CZs) for India as rural-urban catchment areas by combining village-level job counts (thank you, SHRUG!) with estimated travel times along the national road network. 👉Each CZ is characterized by an urban core with an increasingly rural hinterland.

RT @sarthak_joshi: 🚨New WP Alert!🚨. When programs empower women, some men retaliate. Why? Which policies can mitigate this?. We investigate….

👉 Which Policies Can Mitigate Backlash?. 4️⃣Reframing the same program as a “Family and Community Program” instead of a “Women’s Empowerment Program” boosted support. See the draft for a lot more!.🔗 Comments welcome!. 6/6.

🔁In round 2, men were placed at the receiving end. - 18% paid money to hide their household's involvement in empowerment programs. - Men who hid were more likely to have penalized empowered women in round 1. 3️⃣Social image concerns are likely a key driver of male backlash. 5/6.

👉 What Drives Backlash?. Using separate treatment arms, we study backlash under different conditions, including:.- men's loss of relative status.- men's loss of control over resources. 2️⃣Backlash occurs regardless of how empowerment is achieved. 4/6

👉 Measuring Backlash Ethically. - Our study paired 1,007 men in Bihar with an anonymous female partner. - In a one-shot game, men decide whether to financially penalise their partner at a cost. 1️⃣ Empowered women are penalised 2X of an otherwise identical control (17% vs 8%).

👉 Backlash is widespread yet understudied. 🔍 We reviewed 20 years of studies on female empowerment programs in top economics journals. - Only 26% collected data on potential male backlash. - When measured, it was identified in some form in 40% of programs (!)🚨. 2/6.

🚨New WP Alert!🚨. When programs empower women, some men retaliate. Why? Which policies can mitigate this?. We investigate male backlash in response to female empowerment in rural India (with @ccullen_1, Vecci, & @jtalbotjones). 🔗 #EconTwitter 🧵👇. 1/6

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