The Lupus Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Health Care Providers, edition 2
⚕️ RHEUMATOLOGISTS & PATIENTS: Learn the practical tips and tricks of doing better with managing
#SLE
#lupus
and understanding this disease. See reviews here (copy and paste the URL…
All immunosuppressed patients... please be careful. COVID is not over. I have a
#lupus
patient on oxygen from severe COVID last week. DO NOT let your guard down. I still wear my mask in public to protect my patients
My cat Siroe, proofreading my
#lupus
manuscript for the 2nd edition of "The Lupus Encyclopedia" just before we start
#ACR21
... so far, no grammatical errors per Siroe
‼️ For Doctors & Patients
🩸 Did you know? Almost all the labs for
#SLE
#lupus
#Sjogrens
are OVER 55 YEARS OLD‼️
This contributes to:
🩸 These dzs are diagnosed years after symptoms start, on average.
🩸 SLE=14th most common cause of death (sine…
Thanks for recommending the following as well: ALSO:
Wear your mask
Do NOT be nervous to ask those around you to wear their masks
Wash your hands frequently
If you can stand 6 feet away from someone, do so
FINALLY: Results of CAR-T cell therapy for
#Sjogrens
disease (SjD) and rheumatoid arthritis
#RA
:
These results are historical for Sjogrens! It shows that clinical trials with CAR-T cell therapy can meet the very difficult to achieve improvements in…
📢New study shows that
#SLE
#lupus
patients, especially young, were at high risk of excessive death, kidney failure and dialysis due to COVID-19:
CLICK HERE:
#CovidIsNotOver
I still wear my mask to protect my patients
#LupusAwarenessMonth
⚡️Small fiber neuropathy is underdiagnosed in our patients with
#Sjogrens
#SLE
#lupus
:
Here is a very nice, practical article with tips on diagnosis and treatment options:
👉 To read the article, go to the link and then click the link under my photo…
I've had pts with
#SLE
#lupus
have severe flares when meds were DCd by a new rheumatologist when they show up in remission and ANA neg. Patients: protect yourself by keeping all records of previous labs, biopsy, doctor notes to protect yourself
🔥 CAR-T Update:
❤️🔥31
#SLE
#lupus
patients treated with CAR-T
‼️ Most are in drug-free remission❣️
❤️🔥2
#Sjogrens
patient treated with BCMA CAR-T
❤️🔥1 rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with CAR-T
👉CLICK:
Also treated = patients with NMO, myasthenia…
Calling all patients with
#Sjogrens
Disease or possible Sjogren's disease:
We need you!
This is one of the most important studies ever done in Sjogren's!
We won't find great treatments unless we understand the disease better.
This NIH-sponsored study…
More changes in rheumatologic names
Hopefully, NO ONE is saying "Sjogren's Syndrome" anymore, and everyone is on board with
🏜️"Sjogren's Disease"
#Sjogrens
@SjogrensOrg
It is a disease with a well-described pathophysiology
In addition, just saw this today; we should be…
#Lupus
#SLE
and
#Sjogrens
patients suffer an average of 4-6 years before receiving a diagnosis, seeing an average of 3-4 doctors on their journey.
Sadly, many have permanent organ damage at the time of diagnosis. Shockingly, despite normal labs during disease activity and flares…
🔥 It is Lupus Awareness Month starting today
Thanks to
@TrishaReads8
and
@LupusNE
for my Lupus Cure and Lupus Awareness Month bracelets... keep up the wonderful work and advocacy!
-
#Lupus
patients are diagnosed on average 4-6 years after symptom onset due to antiquated labs…
Another successful SSA+
#lupus
pregnancy! Say hello to Teagan! Born 3 weeks ago. Her mommy was the perfect patient: She saw me monthly, took her Plaquenil, vitamin D, low dose aspirin & used her sunscreen religiously, and got her fetal ultrasounds weekly. HIPAA OK by patient😍
🔥 The evidence continues to mount that stressful life events increase the risk of developing autoimmune diseases.
This study used data gathered on close to 94,000 women and showed that:
🤕Physical abuse increased the risk of developing rheumatoid…
🔥Could
#fibromyalgia
be an autoimmune disease?
👉
Before this research study, I would have said, "no."
💡However, now, this study suggests it could be an autoimmune disease. Could this be why so many
#lupus
,
#SLE
,
#Sjogrens
, and
#RA
patients also have…
This just arrived in my mail today; online version should be available soon:
8 severe
#SLE
#lupus
patients
3
#scleroderma
3 severe
#myositis
(anti-synthetase)
Long-term drug free remissions
Only one severe infection (pneumonia hospitalization)…
The Lupus Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Health Care Providers, edition 2
⚕️ PATIENTS: Learn all the tips and tricks of doing better with your lupus and understanding this disease. Tons of practical tips. See reviews here (copy and paste the URL in your…
❣️ 22
#SLE
#lupus
patients are in remission (two for close to 4 yrs) after CAR-T therapy👏
⚕️CAR-T cell therapy is complicated even for doctors to understand.
👉Read my latest article:
- I simplified it in easy-to-understand language for doctors and…
#Remibrutinib
(an oral highly selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) has had excellent results in its phase-2 clinical trial for treating
#Sjogrens
!
This is impressive! It is difficult to reduce the ESSDAI (a research tool that measures…
🔥 I HATE when I see a lupus educational slide that says, "
#SLE
#lupus
arthritis is nondeforming and not destructive" (I just saw one recently in a talk).
👉
I have too many patients with lupus deforming Jaccoud's arthropathy (you don't know they have…
🙏 Thanks to Dr.
@MymaAlbaydaMD
for this Clinical Pearl!
👉
I have an
#SLE
#lupus
patient (early 30 yo female) with what I thought was lupus myositis or polymyositis overlap (proximal muscle weakness, proximal myalgias, high muscle enzymes, +EMG/+MRI…
🔥This is a fantastic article by
@EricFMorand
@TimothyNiewold
and
@ashira_md
: well written about current
#SLE
#lupus
treatments:
👉HOWEVER, I really love their introduction. Instead of the typical, boring, simplified, and not totally correct intro of…
❣️
#SLE
#lupus
patients differ in which anti-dsDNA methodologies they are positive for and which ones fluctuate with disease activity.
I was pleased to see this paper that confirms my suspicion that the anti-dsDNAs in different patients probably have…
📢This shows how
#SLE
#lupus
develops in someone who is born with the genes that predispose to getting lupus
NOTE: this is also similar for other systemic autoimmune disorders eg
#Sjogrens
disease
Graphic from "The Lupus Encyclopedia: A comprehensive guide for patients and…
🔥Another reason to monitor patient hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) drug levels (
#SLE
,
#lupus
,
#Sjogrens
):
🧬 This study showed that metabolism and resulting whole blood HCQ levels varied widely based on genetic polymorphisms.
🩸This makes a lot of sense. I…
Please everyone get your COVID XBB subvariant vaccine... FDA approved today! Yay! If you have
#Lupus
,
#SLE
,
#sjogrens
or immunocompromised in any way, especially get it! Anti-vaxers, just ignore my Tweet (but I would love some of you to change your mindsets)... Donald Thomas, MD
Today, we took action approving & authorizing for emergency use updated COVID-19 vaccines formulated to more closely target currently circulating variants & to provide better protection against serious consequences of COVID. Here’s what you need to know:
🔥 My poster arrived today that I will display at the
@SLEuroSociety
#SLE
#lupus
meeting in Bruges in March. It came in this tiny package.
I am so happy with it. It is fabric from
@Spoonflower
. It is compact, will fit easily in my carry-on, no huge tubes to carry around, no…
🔥 Patients taking hydroxychloroquine for lupus should ask their doctors to do a "trough, whole blood hydroxychloroquine drug level" regularly with their other labs.
Rheumatologists, please do your patients a favor and do the same.
This ensures…
🔥My article discusses reasons why
#SLE
#lupus
and
#Sjogrens
(I used lupus as the reference model) are so hard to diagnose and so hard to follow patients and why it takes 4-6 years on average to get a diagnosis ... we need to fix the system.
👉Click on the image to read my…
The lab tests used to diagnose and treat lupus really haven’t changed much since the 1960s!
Dr. Don Thomas, a clinical rheumatologist and author of The Lupus Encyclopedia, gives his insights in this this important and informative article here!
🔥 Do NOT ignore Dr. Andras Perl's work on lupus, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the positive effects of NAC in
#SLE
#lupus
.
❓It has not been studied in
#Sjogrens
... but why not try it? (see precautions below and in my video)
📽️ See my video at this link below, where I…
❓ What is the differences between the following?
👉Undifferentiated connective tissue disease
👉Mixed connective tissue disease
👉Overlap syndrome
👉Polyimmunity
I go over these in easy to understand language
#UCTD
#MCTD
#SLE
#lupus
#Sjogrens
🌩️More evidence on why we should consider biologics before oral immunosuppressants in
#lupus
#SLE
patients:
❓ What do you think of my literature-backed opinion below❓
It showed:
31% fewer infections than mycophenolate mofetil
18% fewer than…
🔥Everyone with
#lupus
#SLE
#Sjogrens
#RA
should see this excellent review of the benefits of taking hydroxychloroquine. 45% of our patients are poorly adherent to taking it. This should motivate more people to not miss doses. Thanks
@CBartelsMD
Shivani Garg and authors! Well…
I love this HCQ education tool for
#lupus
by
@CBartelsMD
. Per 100
#lupus
patients taking
#HCQ
,
👉🏾46 will avoid organ damage/8 yrs
👉🏾12 will avoid death/3 yrs
👉🏾25 will avoid blood clots/30 yrs
👉🏾2 will develop eye toxicity/10 yrs. Avoid w/ Screening!
🔥 Preventing Autoimmune Disease in Family Members:
Did you know that the Harvard VITAL study showed:
👉In those with a family history of autoimmune diseases, vitamin D supplementation was associated with a 57% reduction in autoimmunity
👉In those with a family history of…
Sjogren's Disease and NOT
@Sjogrens
"syndrome." Dr. Alan Baer, MD (Johns Hopkins Sjogren's Center) &
@SjogrensOrg
makes an excellent argument. Let's stop calling it "syndrome," just like we got rid of "Reiter's" and "Wegener's". Spread the word:
Just had a nice update on CAR-T therapy in
#SLE
#lupus
by Dr. Georg Schett at
@SLEuroSociety
#lupus2024
Some updates I learned:
- All 8 SLE patients were still in drug-free remission, one close to 3 years
- No reported severe side effects
- Three of the patients required one…
PUT ON PURPLE DAY by the
@LupusOrg
!
Bring awareness to the public that
#lupus
is a dangerous and not uncommon disease that needs more research and support!
Wear purple today, 5/21/21
SHARE with everyone who has lupus
POST your pics today: I'd love to see you
Don Thomas, MD
💊 How to take
#methotrexate
safely for
#SLE
,
#lupus
,
#Sjogrens
,
#RA
and other systemic inflammatory diseases:
🔥 UPDATED: A recent large study shows that methotrexate does not cause liver problems. The article is fascinating and well-written
Unfortunately, living with
#lupus
,
#Sjogrens
, and related disorders is living with "an invisible disease"
You look great to friends and family and acquaintances and strangers; but it doesn't show the pain, fatigue, etc. Read
@LupusMore
:
The NEJM finally released the CD-19 CAR-T cell therapy results in 15 autoimmune disease patients (including
#SLE
and
#lupus
,
#myositis
, and
#scleroderma
) with excellent effectiveness (drug-free remissions) and safety:
My local nephrologists are now recommending that people avoid sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages since they are associated with incident chronic kidney disease
#CKD
which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
#SLE
#lupus
#Sjogrens
and related disorders…
Wonderful article about B-cells and "lessons learned" from the initial CD-19 CAR-T therapies used in
#SLE
#lupus
patients. It is a good read for lupus and B-cell nerds like me:
Cognitive dysfunction is a common problem in
#SLE
#lupus
#Sjogrens
and other AI disorders. This study notes some risk factors for this problem. Fortunately, improvements occurred. This has been seen in previous studies as well
⚕️I believe we cannot underestimate the importance of the following in helping patients with autoimmune diseases like
#Sjogrens
,
#SLE
,
#lupus
,
#RA
, etc:
👩🍳Healthy eating (consider the Mediterranean diet)
🚴Regular exercise
🧘Practicing daily mindfulness breathing exercises…
🤒 If you are an
#SLE
#lupus
patient:
Please take your hydroxychloroquine regularly if you tolerate it well.
🔥This study (from SLICC) over 5 years showed that nonadherent patients were, in a nutshell:
👉- 3 times more likely to flare
👉- 4 times more…
Measure HCQ drug levels regularly in
#SLE
#lupus
. Aim for 1000 - 1200 ng/mL; measure trough levels. HCQ has a 25% to 75% absorption. Dosing only by body weight is ridiculous! Start with 5mg/kg, but then adjust as needed after that!
@talkmedspoke
🔥Risk Factors for
#Sjogrens
disease developing
#SLE
#lupus
overlap:
Research study: In a Korean population of over 1000 patients followed over 3 years, 4.5% developed systemic lupus.
🔥Risk factors that increased this risk were (in order of highest…
We can now RX our
#lupus
pts 300mg, 400mg, and 100mg
#HCQ
tabs! My patients won't have to cut up a bunch of tablets. I can give them one 300 mg tab a day instead of 1 1/2 tabs. Others won't have to take 200 mg alternating with 400 mg every other day:
❣️❣️❣️Patients and Healthcare providers: Make sure to get your copy of "The
#Sjogrens
Book" the
#1
current best selling book on Amazon!
Dr. Daniel Wallace is the editor with numerous writers for each chapter (make sure to see my musculoskeletal chapter…
🧬🧬 If you have an autoimmune disease like
#lupus
,
#SLE
,
#Sjogrens
or
#RheumatoidArthritis
, understanding the genetic link is crucial.
Genetics can play a major role even if no one else in your family has it. Learn more about this important topic here:
…
Anti-inflammatory diet pyramid for
#lupus
,
#Sjogrens
and other rheumatic diseases by
@ucsfoshercenter
. Thank you Dr. Sarah Patterson
To learn more about an anti-inflammatory diet go to:
Retweet with everyone who can benefit
😍 We now have: Data on at least 43 patients with SEVERE, TREATMENT-RESISTANT
#SLE
#lupus
who have responded well to CAR-T:
The vast majority are in drug-free remission.
Has one of Dr. Schett's patients relapsed? I heard this from another healthcare…
❤️🔥Calling all rheumatologists: please start checking trough whole blood hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) drug levels on
#SLE
#lupus
patients to ensure better adherence and aim for a drug level of 1000 ng/mL - 1200 ng/mL (not an exact science, some say 750 - 1100, some say 1000 - 1500).…
🔥 One of my favorite studies/posters (so many to choose from!) at
@ACRheum
#ACR23
#ACRambassador
:
📍 CLICK HERE:
THEN CLICK THE ACR ABSTRACT LINK UNDER MY FACE TO READ THE ABSTRACT
@ACRheum
and
@eular_org
… please note this for your next SLE…
Good news for
#lupus
and
#Sjogrens
patients: "our findings suggest that, under current screening recommendations and dosing patterns, loss of visual acuity from hydroxychloroquine retinopathy should be rare"
🔥 CAR-T Pioneer Dr. Georg Schett in Germany has made Time's Top 100 Health People of the year
That is how important this stuff is for autoimmune diseases like
#SLE
#lupus
#scleroderma
#rheumatoidarthritis
#myositis
Congratulations to Dr. Schett and the many healthcare…
Physical trauma, emotional trauma, childhood trauma, sexual trauma have been associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases like
#Sjogrens
,
#SLE
,
#lupus
CLICK:
@LupusMore
has an excellent review on this topic this month
What causes fatigue in
#lupus
? The NIH recently discovered that SLE patients have abnormal mitochondria (Energy producing organelles of cells). They also found a treatment that repaired the mitochondria and improved energy. Read more here:
The video about CAR-T therapy use in
#lupus
,
#SLE
, and other autoimmune diseases produced by
@LupusMore
has been posted:
We discuss:
- Which CAR-T cell therapies could cause CAR-T lymphoma (and should they even be used at all in AI disease patients?)
-…
💡 Tips to make methotrexate work better (read my post at the link for additional information):
👉Take on an empty stomach
👉Do not take with dairy products
👉Don't ingest caffeine
🔥If not in remission on 15-25 mg weekly, another choice other than SQ…
🔥 BEL + MMF leads to higher remission LN rates on bx!
Study shows that
#SLE
#lupus
nephritis (LN) treatment with belimumab (BEL) + mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) achieved a 90% rate of remission on biopsy (bx) compared to only 50% on MMF + placebo.
Click on link under my photo…
Calcinosis cutis is among the most difficult cutaneous problems to treat in
#lupus
,
#SLE
, and dermatomyositis.
I found this case series from
@JohnsHopkins
to be quite interesting with patient case
#1
. The patient's calcinosis cutis responded to…
Fatigue is a common problem in
#lupus
,
#SLE
,
#Sjogrens
, and related disorders.
But there are things people can do to help.
My latest blog goes over some of the causes and gives practical advice on what patients can do to help.
HISTORY OF LUPUS:
Church built because a bishop was cured of
#lupus
I am in the Basilica of St. Martin, Liège, Belgium = built by Eraclius, Bishop of Liège, in the X Century because St. Martin cured him of lupus (he was dying from lupus, which was consuming his flesh and…
We cannot tell
#SLE
#lupus
patients with high HDL that this protects them!
Many patients have dysfunctional & proinflammatory HDL. Volkmann et al showed that exercise reduces CV evidence. So that should be our answer to patients. SLE is a weird disease!…
#ACR23
Please find my summary on Promising Therapies for Sjogren's to treat patients with high symptom burden irrespective of systemic disease activity via
@YouTube
@RheumNow
❣️ I LOVE the new
@eular_org
#SLE
#lupus
guidelines:
This is how I've been treating my patients & most of my SLE patients are in remission/low dz activity and few are on steroids.
👉 However, they need to recommend checking hydroxychloroquine drug…
In front of a 15 th century house close to our AirBnB in Bruges Belgium. Beautiful city with preserved Medieval architecture. Eating too much Belgium chocolate, trying to figure out who makes the best
🔥 FANTASTIC SJOGREN'S MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES - published by the
@RheumatologyUK
NOTE: Before criticizing these too much (of course there will be numerous opinions on what should and should not have been included; we need more, better Sjogren's studies to help us and they had to…
Have dry eyes or dry mouth? You could have
#Sjogrens
disease
Around 35% of my
#SLE
#lupus
patients have evidence for Sjogren's overlap disease (it is underdiagnosed)
Ask your rheumatologist
Join the Sjogren's Foundation
@LupusMore
@SjogrensOrg
🎇A
#lupus
clinical WIN today‼️
❣️Patient quote of the year, "Ben is my new boyfriend". See who "Ben" is below
🧟♀️
#SLE
patient, severe longitudinal myelitis, flares off MMF. Back on MMF+HCQ much better but still moderately active disease. We (me + NIH, thanks
@sarfarazhasni
)…
🔥
#SLE
#lupusPatients
:
Make sure to know your labs!
Some antibodies predispose you to some possible complications from your SLE and if you know how to prevent them, it is empowering. Ask your rheumatologist.
30% - 50% of SLE patients have antiphospholipid antibodies, like…
In this Canadian study of over 16K
#SLE
#lupus
and
#RA
patients showed that those adherent to HCQ had 38% fewer heart attacks, 55% fewer strokes, and 35% fewer blood clots over 9 years:
😃I am so happy that our abstract describing the 1st case of
#lupus
#SLE
and correcting the historical facts has been accepted for
#lupus2024
by
@SLEuroSociety
⛪️It is fitting that the 1st case was a Belgian Bishop who built a basilica in Liege, Belgium, because of lupus!
My…
🔥ATTENTION all health care providers (docs, PAs, NPs, nurses, med students, techs) and PATIENTS ...
PLAY
#RheumMadness
2024!
12 excellent, practical, rheumatologic practice articles are being debated by 12 excellent rheumatology teams from around the…
Picture of most of the 80
#SLE
#lupus
doctors (rheumatologists, nephrologists, dermatologists) who met in Munich last month for the ADVANCE Meeting (see my other post here):
We had great discussions, learned from each other, and more importantly, went…
💡 These two images are the results of a 2-day meeting (ADVANCE in Munich, OCT 20 and 21, 2023) where 80 doctors specializing in lupus converged to discuss barriers and solutions for taking better care of
#lupus
#SLE
patients.
The first is a word cloud of the most popular…
💡Attended the ADVANCE Lupus Conference this week in Munich with 79 other
#SLE
#lupus
docs worldwide.
👉 We shared ideas on what we need to do to provide better patient care.
Afterward, we decided on the top things to start doing immediately when returning to our clinics. The…
This is such an important thing to know for all
#Lupus
patients. Goes along with studies from Dr. Michelle Petri and Dr. Fasano for
#SLE
patients taking HCQ
Lupus News: A large Canadian study has found that when newly diagnosed patients with SLE take antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine) as prescribed, they have about a 29% lower risk of a cardiovascular event, like strokes or heart attacks!
Link to Details:
🔥 One of my favorite studies/posters (so many to choose from!) at
@ACRheum
#ACR23
#ACRambassador
:
📍 CLICK HERE:
THEN CLICK THE ACR ABSTRACT LINK UNDER MY FACE TO READ THE ABSTRACT
@ACRheum
and
@eular_org
… please note this for your next SLE…
Yesterday was my last day as Chair of the National Board of
@SjogrensOrg
. I hand over the Chair meeting Chimes (instead of a gavel) to our incoming Chair, Susan Barajas. I LOVE her expression... she will do a great job!
📢I'm happy to be an
#ACRambassador
for the
@ACRheum
#ACR23
Convergence Yearly Scientific Meeting in San Diego, November 2023
👉Follow me to keep up on breakthrough science
👉I will focus on
#SLE
#lupus
&
#Sjogrens
👉I am proud to represent a >60 yo point of view to complement…
🔥I just recommended "prevention" of
#lupus
of
#SLE
as one of the most important things to aim for at the Munich Lupus ADVANCE meeting. Don't miss this session at
@ACRheum
#ACR2023
12S111: Lupus Prevention and Disease-Modifying Anti-Lupus Drugs (DMALDs), Are We There Yet?…
Nice article about
#POTS
and AI dzs like
#Sjogrens
and
#lupus
. It is underdiagnosed. Get a dysautonomia expert & Tilt Table test in your patients who overwhelm you with dizziness, HA, fatigue, GI issues etc. IVIG has helped my pts
@talkmedspoke
Some CAR-T therapies have caused CAR-T lymphomas, while others do not.
LINK where I discuss CAR-T lymphomas:
Should we only use those that do not cause CAR-T lymphomas in patients with autoimmune diseases like
#SLE
#lupus
#Sjogrens
? Many, to most, AI…
Kudos to SLICC! Recent article recommends checking an
#ANA
of different methodology during
#lupus
workups if the 1st is negative. Even if the IFA ANA is neg, we need to be checking ELISA. I've done this for a long time, and have seen the clinical utility.
An underappreciated problem in
#lupus
#SLE
#sjogrens
as well . Poor dental health negatively impacts the biofilm microbiome and its impact on the immune system. Good oral care needs to be considered part of AI Dz therapy 💊
🦷 If you're a rheum warrior, don't let your mouth be a battlefield! ⚔️
🦠 Poor oral hygiene can worsen inflammation & pain 😓
🪥Brush like a pro, floss like a boss
🪥See your dentist regularly for a smile that's stronger than any rheumatic disorder! 💪😁
#ACR23
#ACRambassador
🔥
#SLE
#Lupus
patients need more joint replacements!
⚡️
CLICK the above link, then click the link under my face toward the bottom.
We must stop saying, "lupus arthritis is a nondeforming arthritis!"
This has been taught by teachers of rheum (including…
2022 CDC vaccine guidelines are out; important changes for
#lupus
% other immunosuppressed patients:
- No more Prevnar 13
- Hepatitis B series for ALL aged 19-59
- Shingrix now formally added for immunosuppressed 19-40 yo
Read more information here:
🔥 Finally, someone (Mother Jones) is calling out the nonsense of these
#SLE
#lupus
#Sjogrens
#autoimmune
cure books that are leading many patients to false hopes:
NOTE: as all my readers know, I am 100% for a healthy diet which may be anti-inflammatory…
I am counting down the weeks until the printed release and actually feel it in my hands. 6 years' worth of work with worldwide lupus experts on this edition: