cygaar
@0xCygaar
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I explain crypto topics in simple terms. contributing to @frame_xyz . advisor @MocaverseNFT .
Joined July 2020
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For the past 1.5 years, I've spent hundreds of hours optimizing NFT smart contracts, exploring royalty solutions, and analyzing Ethereum rollups.
Today I'm excited to announce
@frame_xyz
, a culmination of all these efforts into one project.
An overview of Frame Network 🧵:
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With the events from the past week, It's become clear that being able to read a block explorer is an important skill to have. Doing so will allow you to understand what's happening on-chain without needing to trust anyone else.
Here's a simple guide on how to read Etherscan 🧵:
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The new Euro-pegged stablecoin from SG-Generale (a French Bank) has a function that allows them to take all of your money lol
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The Brazilian Central Bank is launching an ERC20-based digital currency soon.
The smart contract for their CBDC contains logic that allows them to freely move, burn, or freeze user funds. They will also be able to control who can move funds around.
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My first attempt at hacking the
@BoredApeYC
dookey dash game lead to this image showing up. Well done Yuga. Time to try some other methods.
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NFT project owners, tired of
@steveaoki
buying into your project and dropping the floor? Here's a couple lines of code you can add to your contract to prevent this from happening. With this code in place he'll never be able to hurt you or your holders.
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Last month
@LayerZero_Labs
announced their integration with
@zksync
's new zkEVM.
I deployed a set of contracts that allow you to mint, send, and receive NFTs between ETH and zksync using LayerZero.
Here's how you can play around with those contracts 🧵:
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Since the current NFT meta is free mints with no roadmap, I want to give a quick primer on ways to be safe with mints and some tips on reading NFT smart contracts.
🧵
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So the PayPal stablecoin contract:
- Is written in an extremely old version of Solidity
- Allows the owner to pause all transfers
- Allows the owner to freeze addresses to prevent actions
- Allows admins to increase the total supply at will
Centralized, but transparent at least.
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Inscriptions have taken down multiple chains and caused huge gas spikes over the last couple of days.
However, very few people actually understand what's going on.
Here's a simple explanation of inscriptions - how they work and why they're being spammed everywhere 🧵:
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A beginner's guide to Runes - the new protocol that will bring fungible tokens to Bitcoin at the halving 🧵:
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Scammers are becoming more clever. I'm starting to see a new type of scam where it appears that YOUR address is selling NFTs to someone else.
Here's how the scam works, the 23 lines of code to replicate it, and how to differentiate between fake and legit sales 🧵:
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Now that the ETH merge has happened, it's important that you learn the new terms and tooling around Proof of Stake. These concepts will help you navigate this new era of the Ethereum network.
Here's a quick and easy primer to get you started 🧵:
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I spent the last 5 days trying to exploit Dookey Dash from
@BoredApeYC
.
It took many attempts, but I finally did it.
Here's video proof of me going through every obstacle type and still registering a valid run on their system (more info in the thread):
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Excited to launch the "Divisible NFT" standard (DN404) which aims to be a hybrid ERC20/721 token.
ERC404 took the crypto world by storm over the past few days, but it doesn't follow existing standards, is inefficient, and breaks at certain edge cases.
Here's how DN404 works 🧵:
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Fun fact: WETH cannot ever go insolvent. Your WETH will always be swappable 1:1 with ETH.
The code and logic is quite simple. In fact, it only takes 60 lines of code to implement.
Here's a simple primer on how WETH works 🧵:
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EIP-3074 was just approved to go live in the next Ethereum hard fork.
This EIP will forever change how users interact on EVM chains, making wallet UX simpler, cheaper, and more powerful.
Here's a high level overview of EIP-3074 and how it'll change the game 🧵:
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I cannot believe you guys actually sent this dude over 2000 ETH for a scam coin.
We deserve to go to zero 😭.
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This is not being talked about enough -
@etherscan
just added advanced filtering to their site.
This will make reading on-chain data much easier and much more powerful.
Here's a simple guide on how to use this new feature 🧵:
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I've been seeing some NFT scams going around lately, so let's do a quick primer on how NFTs are stolen from your wallet and what you can do to avoid signing malicious transactions unknowingly.
🧵👇
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Wondering why gas fees are high right now?
The top ETH gas guzzler is this contract where users make validators run useless/unnecessary code just to increase overall gas usage.
People are literally burning their money to increase gas fees for everyone else 🤦♂️.
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Farcaster adoption has been skyrocketing lately, but many people still don't understand what it is.
Farcaster is not just a Twitter replacement - it's a whole decentralized protocol that can power a huge range of apps.
Here's a simple introduction to
@farcaster_xyz
🧵:
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A simple explanation of why your Solana transactions are failing:
- Lots of network activity - memecoin trading, defi, arbitrage bots, Ore mining(?) - everyone is trying to submit txns
- Solana nodes are overwhelmed and can't process every tx that gets submitted - txs are…
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I'm not a huge fan of the new X logo so I wrote a chrome extension that reverts the X back to the bird logo.
You can see in the demo that the bird is restored in both the app as well as the tab icon.
Long live the bird.
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ERC404 - token standard not found.
This new "standard" has opened up a Pandora's box on crypto twitter over the last couple of days.
Is it an NFT, a fungible token, or both?
Here's a simple explanation of what ERC404 tokens really are 🧵:
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We are now 2 days away from Ethereum's Dencun upgrade, the largest fork since the Merge.
Here's a summary of the biggest changes in Dencun and how they'll affect you 🧵:
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Some news from me: today is my last day working as a contractor for
@AzukiOfficial
. It's been an insane ride the last 9 months working with the team. I'd like to thank
@2pmflow
and
@locationtba
for taking a chance on me, and the rest of the Azuki team for being so welcoming.
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A big misconception I've seen is people believe that hardware wallets keep coins/NFTs in cold storage and offline.
This is not true.
Hardware wallets keep KEYS in cold storage, not the assets. These devices are "secure" because the keys aren't revealed anywhere else.
1/4
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The beginner's guide to understanding Bitcoin Ordinals - what they are, how they differ from other NFTs, and why they're here to stay 🧵:
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A beginner's guide to
@eigenlayer
- an explanation of what it does, how it works, and why it's so powerful.
By the end of this, you'll be able to explain Ethereum restaking to your most crypto illiterate friends.
Let's begin 🧵:
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The
@pudgypenguins
team released their Pudgy World online experience which allows users to create and customize digital penguins via NFTs.
They use physical toys and loot boxes to onboard users to NFTs without users even knowing they own NFTs.
Here's how the system works 🧵:
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Here are some fun facts about $PEPE's contract code, including the curious case of $8M worth of coins that are locked up forever 😳:
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Moonbirds chart before the Yuga acquisition tweet.
Nope, definitely no insider trading here.
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Many NFTs today are pay once, receive value forever. However, this model doesn’t align the incentives of creators with owners. The subscription model works much better in some cases.
Today I’m proposing a standard interface to use NFTs as subscriptions:
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Wow,
@Memeland
's $MEME token presale hit $10m in commitments in under 1.5 hrs.
Do what you will with that information, but I will say the contract is quite solid - uses
@delegatedotxyz
, no unnecessary storage writes, and calldata for inputs.
Good work dev team.
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Gonna write a better ERC404 implementation with some of my big-brain friends.
More gas efficient. Better edge case handling. And probably a better name.
If you're interested in using it for your project let me know.
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Yesterday,
@Visa
published a report on their experiments with ERC4337 (Account Abstraction).
This is amazing to see because:
1) A huge payments company is experimenting with Ethereum
2) They do a great job showcasing the potential uses of ERC4337
Let's go over the report 🧵:
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Yuga Labs accidentally left this line of code inside their latest set of contracts 😂😭.
Every time a Koda/Otherdeeds/Vessel is transferred, this statement is called:
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There are far too many engagement farmers in crypto twitter right now. It's obvious that these people aren't software engineers.
"easiest way"?
Show me a single employer who's going to pay you $50,000 more just because you learned how to write console.log("hello world").
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Technically, the Blast team could recover the $62m lost in the Munchables exploit since they control the bridge contract that holds the bridged ETH/stETH.
It wouldn't set a good precedent for future exploits/issues, but it is possible.
An invalid state root would need to be…
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An explanation of the NFTTrader hack that resulted in millions of dollars worth of NFTs stolen 🧵:
(TLDR; combination of reentrancy + old approvals that were never removed)
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The funniest part of the Zkasino drama is that the chain they released has no zk tech in it at all (nor does it use EigenDA).
It's an Arbitrum Nitro chain that took 2 minutes to deploy.
They put ZERO effort into scamming everyone lmao.
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ATTENTION: WETH is about to be insolvent.
I will begrudgingly bail out anyone holding WETH at a rate of 0.5 ETH per WETH in order to save this space. You can thank me once the crisis has been adverted.
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There's been quite a bit discussion recently about creator royalties, first with the emergence of Sudoswap and now with X2Y2 going to 0%.
Here's a simple way that you, the project creator, can whitelist the marketplaces that your NFTs can sell on.
More details in the 🧵:
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Today, I decided to do a deep-dive into the age-old gas saving trick:
Using ++i instead of i++.
You may have seen this trick and asked yourself how a change this trivial and inconsequential could result in a difference in gas usage.
Well folks, here's the full explanation 🧵:
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There is an NFT project (TradFiLines) that only lets you trade your NFTs during stock market hours 😂.
They even have code for toggling daylight savings. True pioneers in this space.
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DookeyDash from
@BoredApeYC
is now over, which means it's time for my post-mortem report.
I'll go over the exploits I found, how the anti-cheat system worked, the botting accusations from earlier, and what can be improved upon for next time.
Buckle up 🧵:
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It's been 50 days since the merge.
Only 2000 ETH has been added to the total supply in that period. If we were still on PoW, there would've been over 600K ETH added, a 99% difference.
We've been on a deflationary trend for a month now.
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Yuga Labs just built a new contract to bring CryptoPunks from the past into the present.
Introducing CryptoPunks721 - a safe and efficient way to trade and custody the OG NFT collection.
Here's how it works 🧵:
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It's funny how devs will use proxy contracts without understanding how they work.
That's why I was able to take over ownership of the Qzuki implementation contract just now 😁
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It's obvious that people in crypto only care about the tech and they all want to see what the future of modular blockchains holds.
So here's a simple explanation of
@dymension
and what it actually does 🧵:
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I reverse engineered
@friendtech
's backend to better understand how it works and to see the potential risk factors to both users and the app itself.
Here's the full breakdown 🧵:
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Invisible Friends dropped their 3D Friends collection today.
It's been a while since I've done a contract review, so let's talk about what was done well and what could be improved.
If you're launching an NFT contract soon, these tips may be of use to you 🧵:
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This is the Github profile of the North Korean dev that hacked Munchables on Blast.
Here are all the red flags🚩 for those of you looking to hire in the future:
1) Clear logo farming, very unlikely any dev is super proficient in all of these languages/tools. There are more…
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just remember, when you see people talking about their 7 figure wins on memecoins
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Visa, one of the world's largest payment processors, continues to use Ethereum for their crypto research.
Yesterday they published a proof of concept that allows users to pay gas fees using credit cards by leveraging Account Abstraction (ERC4337).
Here's how it all works 🧵:
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There's also a function that allows them to burn your money as well:
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A simple explanation of how
@friendtech
share pricing works (and other fun facts about friend tech's contract) 🧵:
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The munchables hacker is earning yield on their $62m of stolen ETH btw
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Several people have asked me how I would write the "ideal" mint function in an NFT contract, so here it is.
This demo code uses ERC721A, is gas efficient, and prevents users from minting more NFTs than allowed.
I added more context in the thread 🧵:
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Just so everyone is aware, the $PSYOP contract has an owner-only mint function that allows the owner to mint as many tokens as they want.
Until ownership is renounced, consider the token supply to be at the whim of the team.
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Another day, another white-hat takeover of an NFT project that isn't writing their proxy contracts correctly.
This time, I have taken over the implementation contract for Kubz 🤓. When will contract developers learn to write proxies properly?
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Chapter 1 of Frame is now here.
We're starting today by rewarding everyone who stuck with NFTs throughout the bear market.
We're building the future home for NFTs and we want you all to be part of the journey.
It's time to enter the next chapter of NFTs, together.
Today, we're announcing:
1. Our initial fundraise led by
@electriccapital
and community members.
2. The initial airdrop of $FRAME, available to anyone whose traded an NFT on ETH the last two years.
Happy Holidays! 🎄🖼️
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Very sorry to see that this happened.
However, let's make one thing very clear - the user 100% signed something.
The draining transaction was a Blur order. Blur requires that the seller signs the order hash before it executes the trade.
There is no way to forge this signature.
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Fun fact: most banks today still run their infra on 40 yr old Cobol code.
That's why today I'm excited to announce that I'm raising 50m on a 1B valuation to bring Cobol to Ethereum as an L2.
If the banks won't come to us, we'll go to them.
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Let's be very clear here - these smart contracts hacks are not an Ethereum-specific problem.
These hacks are related to individual contract/protocol bugs, not the underlying network.
There are going to be exploits in protocols on other networks, it's a matter of when, not if.
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You may have heard about
@LayerZero_Labs
, but weren't sure what it is and how you would even use it.
I wrote two contracts that let you mint and transfer NFTs between Goerli and
@LineaBuild
's zkEVM to showcase how this can be a useful primitive.
Here's a simple user guide 🧵:
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The PayPal contract has this comment: "avoid a name clash with an emerging standard in ERC865".
ERC865 was proposed in 2018 lmao.
They must've written this code years ago, found the old deployment script, and said "let it rip" 😂
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We need to give praise to the Ethereum/rollup devs and everyone that helped out with Dencun.
Deploying and coordinating complex code changes in live production code is difficult.
Doing it on the largest decentralized compute platform is even harder.
Always amazed by you all.
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I reviewed the
@ThePossessedNFT
contract and wanted to share my thoughts on it going into tomorrow's mint. They took a unique approach to mint validation that I want to highlight.
TLDR: it's very well done. Great work
@tmw_buidls
and
@whatthefurr
.
🧵
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NFT people are so bored they're willingly participating in a ponzi 😭
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Everyone is claiming that bridging into Base chain is a one way process with no way to withdraw funds.
This is not true.
You can use the native withdrawal process to get your funds back on mainnet (7 days).
If you NEED to bridge back to Ethereum, here's an in-depth guide:
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The biggest utility for NFTs was training users to keep assets in their own wallets
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Your friendly neighborhood gas optimizer is back after a long hiatus.
Let's take a look at the
@Persona_Journey
auction contract which is currently the
#1
Ethereum gas guzzler.
Here are ways they could've improved their auction contract 🧵:
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Believe it or not, this is how you efficiently calculate log10 in Solidity.
Yes, this is real code.
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Summary of the Arbitrum outage and high Ethereum gas prices:
- People are spamming inscription transactions on Arbitrum. These are transactions that submit some hex data on-chain (images and metadata mostly).
- My guess is this overwhelmed the sequencer itself, preventing L2…
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Dear
@etherscan
,
Please go back to your old UI. It was beautifully simple and easy to read with no distractions. Not one person has ever complained about your UI being bad, so why did you change it? At least let us toggle the old UI like Reddit.
All the best,
Cygaar
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By now, you're probably heard about the exploit in several of ThirdWeb's contracts involving a popular open source library.
It's not the easiest exploit to understand so I'm going to provide:
- An explanation as if you were 5
- A more technical deep dive
Let's jump in 🧵:
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Many of you don't know how rollups work.
And that's ok.
Rollups are complex systems, and it's very easy to be overwhelmed when trying to understand how they function.
Let's start with a simple breakdown of the principles behind rollups 🧵:
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Ok this is super fucking cool - now lets you see the contents of unverified contracts.
This includes viewing a contracts' entire storage layout and the txn history of specific slots.
Another step forward in making Ethereum more transparent.
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I know our "ERC404" contracts are highly anticipated - we're pretty much code complete and are sharing the code with other devs to get more eyes on it.
In the meantime, we're planning on rebranding the token standard to "Divisible NFT" aka DN404 (credit
@0xQuit
).
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If you're using a block explorer (like Etherscan) to track shitcoin trading on prominent wallets (like Justin Sun's), make sure you know what you're doing.
There's a trick that scammers will use to spoof token trading - here's how it works and how to validate transactions 🧵:
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the starknet discord mods are gonna need years of therapy after today
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The
@Platypusdefi
defi protocol was hacked for 8.5 million dollars (plus another 33 million $USP) today.
Here's a simple step-by-step overview of how the hack happened and how the placement of 4 lines of code could've prevented the entire exploit 🧵:
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This is pretty big news for NFTs - Fortnite is adding special in-game items specifically for holders of Nike's NFTs (.Swoosh).
Fortnite averages about 25 million daily active users. We're about to see a lot of mainstream exposure to NFTs even if they don't realize it.
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I went through the process of deploying a contract on
@Scroll_ZKP
to see what it was like.
Here's what I liked, didn't like, and how you can mint a free NFT from my contract (might help for a Scroll airdrop later idk) 🧵:
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