🎯 Content Validity = how well your research tool covers all aspects of what it’s meant to measure. Example: A math test that truly covers all math topics taught not just algebra! 🧮 #ContentValidity #ResearchMethods #Validity #PhDLife

🧠 Internal Validity = how sure you are that your research results were truly caused by your variables — not something else. Example: Did the training improve performance, or was it just motivation? 🎯 #InternalValidity #ResearchDesign #PhDLife #DataAnalysis

🌍 External Validity = can your study’s results apply to the real world? Example: If a classroom study works, will it work in other schools too? 🎓 #ExternalValidity #ResearchDesign #PhDLife #DataQuality

🎯 Sampling Bias happens when your selected participants don’t truly represent the whole population. It means your sample is biased and your results can’t be generalized. #SamplingBias #ResearchBias #SamplingMethods #ResearchBeginner

👀 Face Validity = does your test look like it measures what it’s supposed to? Example: A math test with math problems ✅ vs. word puzzles ❌ It’s the first impression of validity not deep, but important! #FaceValidity #ResearchMethods #InstrumentDesign #PhDLife

💬 Response Bias happens when participants give answers that are not entirely true or accurate often to look good, please the researcher, or avoid judgment. It’s about how people respond, not just what they think! #ResponseBias #ResearchBias #SurveyDesign #ResearchBeginner

🔍 Credibility in research means your findings are believable and https://t.co/VEI81OEfre shows that your data, analysis, and interpretations truly reflect participants’ experiences not your bias.#Credibility #QualitativeResearch #ResearchTrustworthiness #ResearchBeginner

🧠 Recall Bias happens when participants don’t accurately remember past events or experiences during research. Memory isn’t perfect and that can distort results! #RecallBias #ResearchBias #DataCollection #ResearchBeginner

❄️ Snowball Sampling = when one participant helps you find the next! It’s great for hard-to-reach groups like refugees, people with rare conditions, or hidden communities. #SnowballSampling #QualitativeResearch #ResearchMethods #PhDLife

🏃‍♂️ Convenience Sampling = picking whoever’s easiest to reach! Example: Surveying your classmates because they’re nearby 🎓 Quick, simple, and cheap — but not always accurate! #ConvenienceSampling #ResearchMethods #PhDLife #DataCollection

👀 Observation Checklist = a structured tool listing behaviors or actions to watch for during observation. It helps keep your data objective, organized, and reliable. Example: Noting how often teachers give feedback during lessons 🎓 #ObservationChecklist #DataCollection

🎯 Purposive Sampling = picking participants on purpose — based on who best fits your study. Example: interviewing only experienced teachers for a classroom study. 👩‍🏫 #PurposiveSampling #QualitativeResearch #SamplingMethods #PhDLife

🔢 Consecutive Sampling = taking every eligible participant who’s available until you reach your desired sample size. Example: interviewing every patient who visits a clinic in a month 🏥 #ConsecutiveSampling #ResearchMethods #DataCollection #PhDLife

🧠 Content Analysis = systematically studying text, images, or media to find patterns or meanings. Example: Analyzing news articles 📰 to see how climate change is portrayed. #ContentAnalysis #QualitativeResearch #DataAnalysis #PhDLife

📦 Cluster Sampling = divide population into clusters → randomly select entire clusters. Example: Pick 3 schools out of 10 and survey all students in those schools. #ClusterSampling #ResearchMethods #PhDLife

🧠 Phenomenological Study = exploring lived experiences. 🎯 Focuses on how people experience a phenomenon — not numbers, but meaning. Example: Understanding the experience of teachers during remote learning 💻. #Phenomenology #QualitativeResearch #PhDLife #ResearchDesign

🎯 Stratified Random Sampling = dividing a population into subgroups (strata) and randomly sampling from each. Example: Surveying 100 students → 50 males & 50 females randomly chosen. #StratifiedSampling #ResearchMethods #PhDLife

🏃‍♂️ Convenience Sampling = choosing participants who are easiest to reach. Example: Surveying students in your own class. #ConvenienceSampling #ResearchMethods #PhDLife

📚 Case Study Design = an in-depth study of a single person, group, or organization. 🔎 Focuses on real-life context to understand complex issues. Example: Studying how a startup overcame funding challenges 💼. #CaseStudy #ResearchDesign #QualitativeResearch #PhDLife

🎯 Multistage Sampling = sampling done in multiple stages using different methods. Example: Pick districts → then schools → then students randomly. #MultistageSampling #ResearchMethods #PhDLife