action. Leading nations are spearheading more ambitious net zero initiatives,,signaling transition to next energy era.Achieving success in this endeavor hinges on political stability,economic resillience and sustained progress across three interdeendent tasks of decarbonization.

includes China,Vietnam,and South Korea,where industrial growth and electrification coexist, showcasing rapid technological adoption and structural modernization despite their carbon intensive energy systems.Overall, diversity of these risk profiles emphasizes need for coordinated

renewable energy sources.High risk countries(44%),such as Uganda,Ethopia, and Nigar, face structural barriers, including low income, fragile governance,low electrification,and rising emissions,making NDC delivery uncertain. One third of economies fall into middle category that

Index,which offers clear framework to better understand relative risk of country to fully implement its climate commitments. Low-risk countries like Switzerland,Sweden, and Finland,representing 22% of index,pair high incomes and political stability with electrfication and

bioenergy. These technologies are now featured in more NDCs,and p;rojects are underway,but deployment lags well behind renewables and electrification.Achieving long-term impact demands step change in scale and pace. In addition, we have created Rysted Energy NDC Relative Risk

are on rise, though high power prices remain key headwind in some regions.Early pilots in steel and aluminium indicate industrial electrification is gaining ground in medium term. Task 3-Clean up residuel: Tackling last 5% of emissions will require scaling CCUS, hydrogen, and

Electrifying transport,buildings, and industry contributes to 43% of emission reductions needed to implement NDCs by 2035. EVs now account for quarter of new car sales,up from just 2% five years ago, yet scalling depends on charging infrastructure and policy support. Heat pumps

rapid growth of solar and wind alongside storage and grid upgrades. Progress is on track with record annual additions of renewable energy, but bottlenecks in permitting,transmission, and market saturation risks continue to slow deployment. Task 2- Electricity almost everything

reduce emissions by about 25%(10Gt) from current levels by 2035. According to our analysis, NDCs may be implemented by delivering on three tasks of energy transtion. Task-1 Clean up and grow power sector: Half of pledged reductions come from cleaning up power sector,underscoring

many targets seem more ambitious, much of this reflects shift in timelines frrom 2030 to 2035, rather than any stronger policy action. According to our assessment,latest NDCs project trajectory consistent with 1.7*C pathway by 2035.Full implementation of these pledges could

energy,and transportation,setting clear targets for renewables and electric vehicle(EV) adoption, with alternative fuels and carbon capture, utilization,and storage(CCUS) for hard to abate sectors. This year,signatory countries are submitting their commitment under NDC 3.0.While

MAPPING THE REAL PATH OF ENERGY TRANSITION-As momentum builds toward COP30 ,Rystad Energy has analyzed over 400 historical and updated NDCs to assess how well global energy system aligns with Paris Agreement goals.Most submissions focus on short-term decarbonization in power,

which Washington claim posesrisk to critical domestic sectors such as defence,clean energy,and infrastructure. Copper is foundational raw material for electric vehicles(EVs),power grids, semiconductors, and defence eletronics.

protectionist tariffs(50 percent), India charges 2.5 per cent import tariff on copper ore and concentrates,5 percent on refined copper and copper alloys,and 10 percent on certain copper articles, it had said. The USA's decision is aimed at reducing dependence on foreign coppor,

FY25. India is net importer of copper,with imports totaling USD 14.45 billion in 2024-25, far outwqeighting its exports. Its main suppliers include Chile, Indonesia, and Australia.Notably, India also importesd USD 288 million of copper scrap from US.While US has restored to

responses to American tariffs on steel, aluminium, and auto components. The development is important as two countries are negotiating bilateral trade agreement. India exported copper products, including plates, tubes, and other semi-finished forms,worth USD 360 million to US in

President determined that tariffs are necessary to adjust imports of these articles that threaten to impair national security of the US. Section 232 is national security stature. India has earlier announced reserving right to impose retaliiatory duties on select US products in

causing or is threatening to cause, serious injury to industry. But before imposing safeguard duty, member country has to conduct probe and notify other members regarding that. The US has said that tarffis on copper products are imposed as per Section 232, under which the US

to communication,dated November 6, from the US in response to India's notification. A WTO member may take safeguard action(restrict imports of product temporarily) under WTO Agreement on Safeguards to protect domestic industry from an increase in imports of any product which is

be taken for security interests, are safeguard measures. ''These actions are not safeguard measures. Accordingly, there is no basis for India's proposal to suspend concessions or other obligations under... the Agreement on Safeguards with respect to these measures,'' according