Non c'è bisogno di chiedermi un favore perché sono in debito con te #LaGalleria #Polimi 🇮🇹

failure criterion materials to be specified Mohr-Coulomb any soil ???? t r a n s i t i o n Hoek-Brown rock mass

Both current Hoek-Brown failure criterion and Finite Element Method still can’t solve discontinuities problem in heterogeneous and stratified rock strata #tunnel2025

surely we belong to G-d, and to G-d we shall return rest in love, dear my friend stevie agnecya 🫶🏻

These are why bridges need oversized geometries while buildings and tunnels don’t #static #dynamic #repeatedloading

Talking about rocks, they’re not a customized material like structural steels. Eventhough their solidity makes them ready to be pioneered and engineered, they still have any anomali to be calculated. #rockmechanics #steelconstruction

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using encased and filled composite columns? Composite steel-concrete columns are structural elements that combine the strength and ductility of steel ... (1/18)

... with the stiffness and fire resistance of concrete. They can be classified into two types: encased and filled. Encased composite columns have a steel section, usually an H-shaped or a circular one, that is surrounded by concrete. (2/18)

Filled composite columns have a hollow steel section, such as a pipe or a tube, that is filled with concrete. Both types of composite columns have advantages and disadvantages for steel design. (3/18)

Encased composite columns Encased composite columns have a concrete cover that protects the steel section from corrosion, fire, and buckling. The concrete also increases the stiffness and the load-bearing capacity of the column, ... (4/18)

... as it interacts with the steel through shear connectors or bond. Encased composite columns are suitable for buildings with high axial loads, such as high-rise structures, or for seismic-resistant design, as they can dissipate energy through plastic deformation. (5/18)

However, encased composite columns also have some disadvantages, such as the need for formwork and curing for the concrete, the difficulty of inspection and repair of the steel section, and the potential for cracking and spalling of the concrete ... (6/18)

... due to thermal expansion or shrinkage. Filled composite columns Filled composite columns have a concrete core that fills the hollow steel section, creating a compact and efficient cross-section. The concrete core enhances the stability ... (7/18)

... and the strength of the column, as it prevents local buckling of the steel and increases the confinement effect. Filled composite columns are suitable for buildings with moderate axial loads, such as low- to mid-rise structures, ... (8/18)

... or for aesthetic purposes, as they can have different shapes and finishes. However, filled composite columns also have some disadvantages, such as the need for special equipment and techniques for placing and compacting the concrete, ... (9/18)

... the difficulty of anchoring the reinforcement bars or the shear connectors inside the steel section, and the potential for corrosion of the steel due to moisture penetration or lack of cover. (10/18)

Comparison of encased and filled composite columns Encased and filled composite columns have different characteristics and performance that depend on various factors, such as the geometry, the material properties, the loading conditions, and the design codes. (11/18)

Therefore, it is not possible to say that one type is always better than the other. However, some general comparisons can be made based on common criteria, such as cost, construction time, durability, fire resistance, and seismic behaviour. (12/18)

According to these criteria, encased composite columns tend to be more expensive, more time-consuming, more durable, more fire-resistant, and more seismic-resistant than filled composite columns. However, these differences may vary depending on the specific design ... (13/18)

... and construction details of each case. Design considerations for encased and filled composite columns When designing encased and filled composite columns, there are some important considerations for ensuring the safety and efficiency of the structure. (14/18)