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While the exact details are debated, what is undeniable is that centuries of knowledge were lost forever.

3. The Muslim Conquest (642 AD). According to one (disputed) account, when the Muslim general Amr ibn al-As conquered Alexandria, the library’s remaining texts were burned for fuel.

2. Christian Persecution (391 AD). The Roman Emperor Theodosius I declared pagan knowledge as heretical, leading to the destruction of temples, statues, and libraries.

The greatest loss was the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. There are several theories about its downfall:. 1. Caesar’s Fire (48 BC): Julius Caesar set fire to enemy ships in Alexandria’s harbor, and the flames spread to the library, destroying a vast portion of its

In 415 AD, a Christian mob fueled by religious and political tensions attacked Hypatia in the streets. They dragged her to a church, stripped her, and brutally murdered her. Her death marked the symbolic end of Alexandria’s golden age.

But Hypatia’s brilliance also made her a target. By the early 5th century, Christianity was becoming the dominant force in Alexandria. The new bishop, Cyril of Alexandria, sought to consolidate power and viewed pagan scholars like Hypatia as threats.

She ran her own philosophy school, teaching students from across the Mediterranean. She also improved the astrolabe, a device for navigation and astronomy. She wrote extensively on mathematics and science, continuing the work of great thinkers who came before her.

One of Alexandria’s most extraordinary figures was Hypatia (c. 350–415 AD), a philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer. In a world dominated by men, she defied the odds and became one of the most respected scholars of her time.

Aristarchus proposed that the Earth revolves around the Sun, a concept later proven by Copernicus. Hero of Alexandria invented the first steam engine nearly 2,000 years before the Industrial Revolution. Galen advanced medicine through his anatomical studies.