Tommy Lundberg
@TLexercise
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I do research at the Div. of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet. PhD. instagram @tlexercise Book on Amazon: The Physiology of Resistance Training.
Stockholm
Joined June 2011
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Another transgender policy based on no evidence. At least here they pretend to cite research. There is nothing, nothing at all to suggest that the advantage in muscle mass and strength is removed after 2 years.
The governing body of cycling, the UCI, releases its new transgender policy. Reduces testosterone limit to 2.5nmol (from 5) and increases the transition period from 12 to 24 months. Means Emily Bridges won't be able to compete in women's category until next year.
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The city of Helsinki is experimenting with mixed-sex athletics because "there are no biological differences at this age". 14 out of 18 gold medals went to boys, and 44 out of 60 medals in total.
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If you think Michael Phelps' arms have any relevance to the discussion of the sex/gender issue in sport, I advise you: Take a step back and think about it again. If that doesn't help you, there are plenty of sources you can go to in order to learn more.
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Breaking news - 26 academics have come together to make a strong case that the IOC's framework for fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations does not protect fairness for female athletes.
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1/2 Sex differences in muscle strength. The male advantage in muscle strength is much greater than usually indicated. Here, thanks to the fantastic data tables in the work of
@JamesLNuzzo
, I have summarized over 600 data sets.
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About unfair advantages. Sport celebrate excellence, produced by dedicated training, exceptional physical attributes and talent. Having undergone male androgenisation is not a talent nor an outstanding achievement. It should not be discussed as "an advantage among many others"
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Some papers you write get read more than others :) My article with
@FondOfBeetles
is now one of the top 1000 papers ever recorded by Altmetric and has been accessed 270,000 times. Let's crack the 4000 mark on Altmetric soon, shall we?
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New study provide further support that the muscle mass and strength advantage in TW is retained for very long: Cardiopulmonary capacity and muscle strength in transgender women on long-term gender-affirming hormone therapy: a cross-sectional study
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NOW ACCEPTED: Muscle strength, size and composition following 12 months of gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals.
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Then look at the framework on sex and gender issues. Not a single scientific reference. No transparency. Nothing. Except some contradictions and unscientific statements. 2/2
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One thing that struck me tonight. Look how seriously the IOC has taken the issue of dietary supplements. A three day meeting with all the leading experts in the field. The final consensus published in the BJSM. Science driven. 1/2
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I have little to no insight into how Canadian sports are organized and whether this organization has any influence, but this is a truly remarkable publication. Dishonest, misguided, false, and more.
New Literature Review Does Not Support Bans on Transgender Women Athletes
Authors of “Transgender Women Athletes and Elite Sport: A Scientific Review” call for reasonable efforts to make sport accessible and inclusive
MEDIA RELEASE:
@WomenandSportCA
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I will be on BBC Sunday Morning Live tomorrow to discuss FINA's recent decision on transgender participation. The debate will start around 10:45am UK time.
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Well, lots of Transgender news today! GLAD to share that the review paper I have authored with
@FondOfBeetles
has now undergone peer-review and is available online:
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Big development on transgender in sport today. UK Sports has done the most comprehensive investigation on the subject in the world to date. And I think they got the situation largely right. 1/X
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Every morning I get up with my 2 and 4 year olds and try to balance inclusion, fairness and safety while playing. Let me tell you, it doesn't work.
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Another reminder. It is actually possible to care for transgender health and wellbeing, AND the integrity of women's sport at the same time.
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I did an interview with Sky News today on the IOC transgender guidelines. Are they fit for purpose? Full interview reorded here
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Lowering the T threshold may seem reasonable, but it has no effect on the advantage. There is no evidence for this at all.
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FIFA has mandated wrist MRI scans for age verification to combat "age doping" at international youth tournaments. Now they want to allow self-identification in women's football?
I’d heard rumours of FIFA dropping any requirement for transwomen to suppress testosterone to be included in female sports. And here it is.
Push for easier transgender inclusion could harm football, experts say via
@MailSport
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"Tolerable unfairness" is suggested by Andy Harvey, Swansea University, to be the way forward to determine transgender inclusion. This text is at the top of the (long) list of poor analyses of the transgender debate in sport.
In the absence of robust scientific data, sports should take an ethical approach to the inclusion of
#transgender
athletes🌈
Andy Harvey suggests developing benchmarks for tolerable unfairness as a way to determine inclusion.
Read the full comment 👉
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WR have new transgender guidelines out for consultation. I attended the London meeting and have been impressed with the evidence-guided process behind this proposal. Interesting to follow.
Trans women face potential women’s rugby ban over safety concerns
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A new systematic review on the effects of cross-hormone therapy on physical parameters relevant for sport performance in transgender women. My brief thoughts are summarised in a thread: 1/6
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In contrast, there is strong evidence that the advantage is never eliminated. There is also strong evidence that muscle loss can be mitigated by resistance training.
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Another organization that claims to be inclusive while maintaining fairness. It is not possible, so please make your choice and bear the consequences of your choice.
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Interesting turnaround in a couple of days. From defending the rules to saying they are not fit for purpose. Great work
@seaningle
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Transgender competition in combat sports: Position statement of the Association of ringside physicians
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Alongside World Rugby, British cycling have revised their trans policy. They stand behind the 5nmol/12 month that WR said was no longer fit for purpose. BC have not shared how they have assessed the evidence so it is not possible to compare. Kudos to WR for transparency.
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THREAD. A limitation in the current transgender athlete debate is the lack of longitudinal data on actual trans athletes who have transitioned. A common argument is that trained trans women would lose more muscle mass/strength than the so far studied untrained population. 1/6
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Transgender in sport covered by
@i24NEWS_EN
Doctors: Transgender swimmer has an advantage over women
'Sport needs to choose, either include transgender women and compromise fairness in the female category, or do not allow transgender women and prioritize fairness,' says Tommy Lundberg (
@TLexercise
)
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Av förekommen anledning – debatten de senaste dagarna efter Sveriges förlust mot Serbien och Kulusevskis uttalande – här kommer en tråd med några reflektioner kring svensk spelarutbildning. 1/
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Short clip from the discussion today in BBC Sunday Morning Live. Transgender participation and can sport be fair?
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The presumption that there is no advantage! This section of the new IOC transgender policy is, of course, troubling from a scientific perspective. This is data on the lean body mass of 461 transgender women before and after 12 months of testosterone suppression. 1/2
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Others that have commented/written on the topic today includes.
@Scienceofsport
@FondOfBeetles
@runthinkwrite
It will be interesting to see how the IOC moves forward from here. They still seem to think fairness and inclusion can both be achieved. See my response in the interview
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Female athletes should be recognized as key stakeholders in the consultation and decision-making processes.
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The IOC's ”no presumption of advantage” principle disregards biological reality of male advantage.
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NEW DATA: The preprint of our work on transgender individuals is now online! Muscle strength, size and composition following 12 months of gender-affirming treatment in transgender individuals: retained advantage for the transwomen
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We urge the IOC to re-evaluate the recommendations of their Framework to include a comprehensive understanding of the biological advantages of male development to ensure fairness and safety in female sports.
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Obviously, this is the same data that myself and
@FondOfBeetles
analysed for our recent review in Sports Medicine. At no surprise, therefore, Harper et al. reach the same conclusion about the data. LBM, muscle area and strength remain above that observed in cisgender women 2/6
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2/2 The male advantage in strength is 40-120% depending on the exercise/muscle group. The average advantage is 73% overall. It is clear that the advantage is particularly pronounced in upper-body muscle groups/exercises.
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@AlanLevinovitz
@runthinkwrite
@FondOfBeetles
@ioc
I appreciate that some issues are difficult to decide on in sport, yes. But I don't think anyone with reason could argue that male puberty is a natural advantage worth celebrating at the expense of women's elite sport. 50% of us have it - trust me it's not a talent :)
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@runthinkwrite
@seaningle
The statements about "probably not enough" and "is there a memory" etc. are a bit worrying - the job has already been done, e.g. by the Sports Councils report, what is there to coordinate with other sports? Start taking responsibility for your own sport first!
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This new work highlights that we all have access to the same data and there should be no remaining doubt of what the actual data shows. What remains, of course, is for sporting bodies to interpret and act on the data. 4/6
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Who Should Compete in Women’s Sports? There Are ‘Two Almost Irreconcilable Positions’
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Currently, inclusion and fairness cannot both be achieved at the same time, so sports need to prioritise one over the other. Each sporting body has a primary obligation to protect the integrity of their sport, and to decides what’s best for their members, players etc. 5/6
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@runthinkwrite
"The IOC's new guidelines prioritize inclusion higher than fairness, placing the burden of proof on those who claim
that people with variation in gender identity have an advantage. However, as can be seen, DIF prioritises fair competition
over inclusion in female competition"
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Needless to say, I hope, everone should be welcome to play sport. This is about deciding on appropriate eligibility criteria for the separate categories in sport. Not about deciding who is a woman and who is a man. END
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And "until evidence, no athlete should be deemed to have an unfair advantage". Say what? Why do we have separate sex categories to begin with then if there is currently no evidence of this being necessary?
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This new study confirms previous findings that androgen deprivation has a fairly small effect on muscle mass and, importantly, that resistance training not only mitigates the small loss - you can actually build muscle.
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I expect this policy will generate some discussion. Transgender women will be allowed to play in the women's ice hockey league (US) based on self ID (no hormone therapy required).
The Premier Hockey Federation today announced an updated Transgender and Non-Binary Inclusion Policy that is effective immediately for the 2021-22 season. The federation’s policy was enhanced with consultation from
@AthleteAlly
.
Details:
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What should follow is a declaration from each sport whether the women’s category should remain protected or whether inclusion should trump fairness and open categories be created instead. 6/6
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Athletes with DSD are being discussed again in light of the ongoing
@WorldAthletics
. It is often reported that CAS and the scientific community have determined that athletes with 5ARD have an advantage and are therefore not eligible to compete in certain female events.1/
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Categorisation by sex is lawful, and hence the requirement to request information relating to birth sex is appropriate 7/
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Competitive fairness cannot be reconciled with self-identification into the female category in gender-affected sport 4/
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What is interesting is that, in the scientific discussion, Harper has been seen as someone representing the “trans side” and she was heavily referred to in protest letters in response to the recent World Rugby decision not allowing trans women to play women’s Rugby. 3/6
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Great to see some more fitness data published on transgender cohorts.
This study is interesting in that it shows large differences between cohorts, even though the participants appear to have been included under the same conditions, i.e. athletically…
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In reality, the 5ARD DSD is a male DSD where you have testes, produce normal male T levels, and the body can use that testosterone. These are very specific criteria for ineligibility. 4/
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New viewpoint discussing the IOC framework for transgender inclusion. The authors are correct that the IOC framework is unscientific and that it will not protect the fairness and integrity of women's sports. 1/
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A great contribution from the ACSM and a good source of information. I don't necessarily agree fully with every statement, but in my opinion they got it largely right. Refreshing these days.
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The IOC's concept of “meaningful competition” is flawed because fairness of category does not hinge on closely-matched performances.
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The restriction applies only to certain events, which is of course absurd. The male performance advantage is similar or even greater in the other disciplines. 5/5
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The term "aerobic" and "anaerobic" can be confusing sometimes when used to describe and explain sporting activities. This is my interpretation, am I on point here?
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Our new paper online: The Effects of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training on Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with
@Moritz_Schumann
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They state “it is also impossible to rule out the possibility that biomechanical factors such as the shape and arrangement of the bones in their limbs may constitute a lasting advantage” - This was obviously also the case when the previous 2.5 nmol/L rule was introduced.
The international cycling federation change their rules on the participation of transgender athletes. The female category is now a protected category.
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Categorisation within the sex binary is and remains the most useful and functional division relative to sporting performance. 3/
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Based upon current evidence, testosterone suppression is unlikely to guarantee fairness between transgender women and natal females in gender-affected sports 5/
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Eligibility criteria for female competition must consider male development rather than relying on current testosterone levels.
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@RogerPielkeJr
@FondOfBeetles
A) There are more sports than 100 m out there. B) We compete in competition bands. Through transitioning you can move from band E to band B and win band B against others who have not had the advantage of male puberty. So no, fairness is not a non-issue.
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The international cycling federation change their rules on the participation of transgender athletes. The female category is now a protected category.
Big news from cycling's governing body, the UCI, which has changed its transgender policy to make the female category a "protected class"
"From now on female transgender athletes who have transitioned after (male) puberty will be prohibited from participating in women's events."
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I would like to share that my textbook - The Physiology of Resistance Training - is now available on Amazon. Both the paperback version and the e-book/Kindle version are now available! Buy it! 😄
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Alternatively, it is time for men to stop defining what is meaningful sport for women and what women want. Why should women always step aside?
Are we really talking about fairness in sport in the transgender debate - or fear and prejudice?
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Now what often causes confusion is that A) it's not necessarily about whether they have an advantage. Most advantages are allowed and rewarded in sports. The issue is whether or not that advantage is unfair to female athletes. 2/
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1/5: Data from elite U15 football players offers insights into physical development. This graph represents their height, weight, and % of predicted adult height (%PAH) reached. Let's take a closer look. 🧵
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@SmilerTurner
@FondOfBeetles
@BrowngaGreg
@Riley_Gaines_
@boysvswomen
@runthinkwrite
@coachblade
@cathydevine56
That's not true, the key analysis is the effect of T suppression (Table 4). General sex differences have been thoroughly examined before.
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@SmilerTurner
@FondOfBeetles
@BrowngaGreg
@Riley_Gaines_
@boysvswomen
@runthinkwrite
@coachblade
@cathydevine56
Gary, in Hilton/Lundberg there is a supplemental file with the search strategy etc. And the purpose is clearly defined in the paper.
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The
@WorldRugby
final decision on their revised and debated transgender policy is out. Currently, trans women cannot play in the female category. This comes after a thorough consultation process. All the documents behind the policy are transparently available to read.
The World Rugby Transgender guideline is now out, and fully available here: You’ll also find a document called FAQs which tries to answer some common questions. We firmly believe it is the right thing in an emotive issue, for many reasons.
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Case-by-case testing for transgender women may lead to stigmatisation and cannot be robustly managed in practice.
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Overall, the data are consistent with previous studies suggesting that some of the male advantage is reduced after a few years of testosterone suppression (e.g. Alvarez), but several advantages such as strength and muscle mass remain. However, the extent of the changes is very…
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They conclude that there are three main options for categorisation that should be considered by sport governing bodies. I recommend everyone read the resources in full 8/8.
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Extreme responder - this guy showed a 20% increase in quadriceps size with 5 weeks of training (12 sessions).
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New paper: Age and Sex Differences in the Limits of Human Performance: Fatigability and Real-World Data
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'Case-by-case' assessment is unlikely to be practical nor verifiable for entry into gender-affected sports 6/
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Thus, it is very plausible that most trans women athletes could (if they wish) completely counteract the muscle loss induced by T suppression. This makes the policy making complex in its extremes. 4/6
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This leads to the misconception that "we all have advantages in sports." Again, this is not the issue. B) The athletes who are not eligible are often presented as "female athletes with naturally high testosterone levels." 3/
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Very pleased to share this new open-access paper "Who Reaches the NHL? A 20‑Year Retrospective Analysis of Junior and Adult Ice Hockey Success in Relation to Biological Maturation in Male Swedish Players" - Team effort
@ErikNiklasson
@marleriee
@jornalind
@David_johnson11
…
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Happy to see this in print. New meta-analysis on concurrent training from
@Moritz_Schumann
, myself and others. Compatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Protein synthetic response to resistance exercise in the untrained vs. trained state
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New from our lab: ”Skeletal muscle morphology, satellite cells and oxidative profile in relation to physical function and lifelong endurance training in very old men” | Journal of Applied Physiology
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SVENSKA FOTBOLLSKRISEN! Vi går in i 2024 med nya vindar hos SvFF och en het debatt kring ”krisen” i svensk fotboll och svensk talangutveckling. Även om forskning kan ge betydande insikter sitter ingen på facit vilket gör det extra intressant att diskutera. 🧵
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PREPRINT from
@FondOfBeetles
and myself: Transgender women in the female category of sport: is the male performance advantage removed by testosterone suppression? THREAD 1/8
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Also new paper: Sex differences in neuromuscular and biological determinants of isometric maximal force - Muscle size is crucial in explaining the differences in maximal isometric force generation. But other contributing factors were also examined.
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What is not often appreciated is that athletes have the possibility to counteract muscle loss through resistance training and protein/supplement intake. Even in extreme unloading leading to remarkable muscle loss, strength training can completely attenuate the muscle loss. 3/6
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A letter to the editor exchange on my and
@FondOfBeetles
paper in Sports Medicine. Here is our authors' reply, where we address the concerns and misconceptions raised by Hamilton et al. Links to the original article and letter can be found in the article:
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MRI data suggest that in very trained, men have at least 30% more leg muscle mass than women. Thus, the drop in muscle mass with T suppression would have to average 20% to compare with females. This is an extraordinary figure compared with the typical 5% seen in untrained. 2/6
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@FondOfBeetles
@DrAdaCheungAU
Correlation between baseline muscle mass and strength is consistently between r=0.7-0.8.
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@Scienceofsport
@monki71
@DrAdaCheungAU
@fmk_RoI
Wow, that was indeed poor. Good example of actual scientist abandoning science for ideology.
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@PompeySteph
According to the article it’s the lower ages of elementary school, so I assume age 7 to 9.
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