Spencer
@SpencerJulius_
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Ancient History Scholar | Independent Researcher 📖 | Rare Book collector 📚
Joined April 2022
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Syrian archaeologist Khaled Al Asaad who devoted his life to the excavation and restoration of Palmyra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. He was beheaded by ISIS after refusing to disclose the location of ancient artifacts, despite a month of torture...
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Queen Elizabeth II with Prince Charles 1948
He will now be referred to as KING CHARLES III
#RestInPeace
#QueenElizabeth
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Germans are mainly descended from 5 tribes:
- Saxons (in the north)
- Frisians (north + Holland)
- Franks (West)
- Bavarians (South)
- Swabians/Allamanic (South-West)
The tribes in middle europe have moved a lot. It is probably necessary to do a DNA test and do a lot of...
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Scythian Art
Scythian statues do not compare to Greek sculpture. What’s interesting is that Scythians who took so much from Greeks turned out to be unreceptive to the impulses from their refined neighbors when it came to monumental art. They were visiting Greek poleis and seeing
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Dominitan had a thirst to conquer Scotland. And, not merely the lowlands but, the whole of Scotland. So in 83, he gave Agricola the mandate to continue the expansion northwards. In 84, the Caledonians being aware of the Roman advance, raised some 30k men and...
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ISIS further accused him of serving as "the director of idolatry" in Palmyra.
He died a hero of heritage protection.
The Ancient City of Palmyra.
Palmyra, Arabic: Tadmur, was an ancient city in central Syria. In antiquity, it was a vital caravan stop for travellers crossing the Syrian desert. The earliest documented reference to the city by its Semitic name Tadmur is recorded in Babylonian
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Mount Nemrut –The Gods around an ancient royal tomb
Mount Nemrut is located at the heart of what was the Kingdom of Commagene, a small Hellenised Armenian kingdom that carved its place in history from the living rock. In 62 BC, King Antiochus I, one of the megalomaniacal...
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During his visit to Britain, Julius Caesar was appalled by how much milk the northerners consumed. The Romans often commented on the inferiority of other cultures, and they took excessive milk drinking as corroboration for barbarism. Similarly, butter was a useful...
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Around 2,000 winters ago, Scotland was home to the Picts. To the Romans, they were nothing but mere savages, men who fought semi au naturel, armed with little more than a spear.
Caesar recorded:
“.. they dye themselves with woad, which produces a blue color, and makes...
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In 122, Emperor Hadrian came to Britain himself, together with Platorius Nepos as governor and a new legion, the VI Victrix, to replace IX Hispana. Hadrian then decided on the stupendous task of constructing a wall 80 miles; stupendous, since it involved...
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Greco-Buddhism refers to the cultural syncretism of Hellenistic and Buddhist culture in ancient Bactria and the India between the 4th century BC and 5th century CE. The style gave rise after the invasion of Bactria (present-day Afghanistan) and the Indus Valley by the...
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The Antonine wall was built in 142 with the intention of serving as a frontier to the empire and a barrier to the marauding Caledonian tribes. Regardless of this, the Caledonian predatory behavior into the richer south continued regolarmente.
Around AD 161, it seems the Roman...
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In 175, the garrison in Britain was strengthened by the arrival of 5000+ Sarmatian cavalry but in 180, disaster struck. According to the historian Dio Cassius, the tribes of central Scotland overran ‘the Wall’
Which wall?
On the assumption that the Antonine Wall had been...
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Greco-Buddhist Art.
The art of ancient Gandhara was little known in the West until the Taliban destroyed the gigantic statues of the Buddha at Bamiyan in 2001. But it was in the Gandhara region of Pakistan (present day Bamiyan in Afghanistan, Bactria, the Hindu Kush, and the
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During Roman times, a great part of northern Britain was occupied by the Brigantes, who according to Tacitus were the largest tribe in Britain. According to Ptolemy, “they stretched from sea to sea”
The Brigantes were a backward people whose economy was basically...
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The Macedonian tomb of Agios Athanasios, 325 BC
The frescoes’ styles combine the Doric and Ionic decorations and the tomb’s pediment shows a golden sun-disk between the two griffins facing each other. It’s also possible to see, just below the pediment, the stunning Ionian frieze
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The Ancient City of Alexandria Eschate
By the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC the Macedonian Empire stretched from Greece all the way to Northern India. One of the most remote cities named after Alexander was Alexandria Eschate meaning Alexandria the Farthest located in..
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Persian Guard, Achaemenid, 486–465 BC. From the façade of the West Stairs, Palace of Xerxes, Persepolis. Limestone. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
This figure is one of the Achaemenid king's elite guard, who were called the Ten Thousand Immortals because if one soldier fell in...
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Law codes as we know them were first seen in Mesopotamia. One of the earliest, the Code of Hammurabi, features 282 laws dealing with issues in great detail, from marriage to theft. Although it is the most well-known, the Code of Hammurabi was pre-dated by...
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Reconstructing Stonehenge.
These designs are taken from the work of Sarah Ewbank, a British landscape architect who has written a book ("Stonehenge Temple Cipher Roof", 2020) positing the theory that the large standing stones acted as the foundations for a much larger, possibly
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The Rise and Fall of Alexandria.
Founded in c.331 BCE by Alexander the Great, the city of Alexandria in northern Egypt was home to some of the intellectual centres of the ancient world. It was well known for its famous Great Library, which was built in c.295 BCE to collect...
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The Emperor comes home.
When Napoleon died in 1821, his request to be buried in Paris was rejected. Nineteen years later things had changed. King Louis-Philippe wanted to boost his popularity by associating himself with Napoleon’s memory, while the British wanted to make a
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Alexander's letter to Darius III.
"Your ancestors invaded Macedonia and the rest of Greece and did us harm although we had not done you any previous injury. I have been appointed commander-in-chief of the Greeks and it is with the aim of punishing the...
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About the year 800, Scandinavians, moved by an uncontrollable impulse, took to the sea. They soon became the constant terror of civilized lands. From the Norse point of view, Ireland was an ideal land to attack with her broad pastures, abundant cattle, unorganized people, and...
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It was the Greek explorer, Pytheas, who first recorded the name of the inhabitants of Britain.
He called them 'Pretani' or the ‘painted ones’ from which the name Britain derives.
Pytheas probably made his first British landfall in Cornwall, where he met local tin workers...
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The part of history where Tacitus records the invasion of Britain is regrettably lost. For literary evidence, we have to rely on the commentary by Cassius Dio. Dio's account is murky. The evidence of archaeology helps a little, but is again restricted, pointing definitely to...
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Cyrus the great actually funded the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem. In fact, the rebuilding occurred under Cyrus’ grandson, Darius, but Cyrus’ role became accepted as a fact.
The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus claimed to quote a letter from Cyrus: …👇🏽
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A new Britain was founded in the 5th century. Anglo-saxons finally Teutonized most of what is now England and the south-east corner of Scotland, while the Celtic Britons held out in Cornwall, Wales, and Strathclyde and colonized Brittany. In Ireland, the Picts succumbed to...
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The sack of Samarkand by the Mongols.
Death toll: Approx. 100,000
The siege of Samarkand (1220) was a key moment in one of Genghis Khan's first major conquests and was a signal of the warlord's intent. The city was an important trade hub for the Khwarezmian Empire and its...
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During the time when Crassus was preparing his great expedition to Parthia, Caesar too, was planning his second sojourn to Britain. The new Roman imperialism, inspired by ambitious generals, was losing all sense of proportion. Caesar was pressing for Britain's conquest while...
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The PELLA CURSE TABLET is a text written in a distinct Doric Greek dialect, found in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedon. Ιt contains a curse dated to the first half of the 4th century BC. The author of this curse was a woman named Dagina. Her beloved, Dionyspohon, was about to
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In present-day Scotland, there lived the wild and barbaric Caledonian tribes. Even when they had to face attacks by Septimius Severus, these tribes remained wild.
Dio Cassius commented on them:
“... they live in tents, naked and unshod, and possessed their women in common”....
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Fallen warrior sculpture from the Temple of Aphaia, East Pediment. ca. 480 BC. Greek, Early Classical.
The Greeks idolized heroes who had fallen in war. To die on the battleground is a great honor, and it was depicted with courage and strength in their art. When a hero died, the
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Pontic Greek.
Pontic Greek is a dialect of the Greek language that is largely derived, like almost all the other modern Greek dialects, from the Koine (common) Greek of Hellenistic and Roman times (4th century BC - 4th century AD). It probably began to become markedly distinct
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The Persian polymath Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān is regarded as the father of Arabic chemistry. He invented over 20 laboratory equipment and began classifying elements into different categories, arguably foreshadowing the periodic table.
He has nearly 3,000 treatises, texts and…
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Emperor Trajan depicted as a Pharaoh offering a Votive Boat to the Goddess Hathor.
Many people don't realize that the Egyptians viewed the Roman Emperors as their Pharaoh's after Cleopatra.
In fact, only when Rome had christian emperors did Egyptians stop this practice.
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Before Cyrus’ time, Turkey and the rest of the Middle East was divided between 3 empires: Lydia in western Turkey; Media, which spread across to today’s Central Asia; and Babylonia, spanning Iraq, Iran and the Mediterranean coast. The ancient Assyrian Empire had recently been…
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The Battle of Mons Graupius in 83 marked the Roman conquest's culmination in Britain. Tacitus recounts Agricola's victory where, 11,000 Roman auxiliaries defeated 30,000 Scottish tribesmen.
Tacitus’ account is an exaggerated propaganda stunt: I'll explain why...👇🏽
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The whole history of the Greek East in the 300s B.C is very poorly documented and this includes the Syrian Wars. The preserved part of Diodorus' history is interrupted in the year 302 B.C and Polybius does NOT take up the narrative until the last few decades of the 3rd century...
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Before the Assyrians came, before the Persians invaded, before the Greeks conquered and the romans annexed, the Egyptians rose and fell all by themselves.
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Agricola is the one governor of Britain about whom we know any details, thanks to the panegyrical biography composed by his son-in-law, Tacitus. Agricola was born in Southern gaul. His father, a senator, incurred Caligula's displeasure and was executed. His mother sent him to...
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Misunderstood: The Assyrians.
“I flayed as many nobles as had rebelled against me,” Ashurnasirpal wrote after conquering the city of Suru in 678 B.C.E. “Some I erected on stakes . . . . I flayed many right through my land and draped their skins over the walls.” The nobles knew
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Statue of the Gallic leader Ambiorix, in Tongeren, Belgium.
Ambiorix was a leader of the Celtic Eburones, a small and poor tribe,forced to pay tribute to both the Gallic Treveri, and to the Germanic Atuatuci
Together with king Cativolcus, Ambiorix revolted against Caesar in...
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In late summer 43, Roman troops stopped north of the Thames, awaiting Claudius. News of the army waiting required weeks to reach Rome, and so, Claudius cannot have arrived in Britain till late autumn of 43. But arrive he did, replete with elephants in his train. He then...
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The conquest of Scotland had definitely been ordered by Domitian, but he was soon forced to change this policy. In 83, he had to face unexpected Dacian attacks from Romania over the Danube. To counter this threat, more troops were needed. Legio II was rushed from chester to...
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Life in Roman Britain
The scene shows daily life within a canabae settlement. Canabae were trading settlements that typically grew around Roman garrison forts. They attracted all sorts of petty merchants, shop-keepers, beggars, and even the wives of soldiers with their families.
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If the Romans had expected great things of the gold reported in Britain, they may have been very disappointed. Only one gold mine is known, that at Dolaucothi in southwest Wales. Perhaps they were misled by gold objects which reached Britain from Ireland. Cicero in May 54BC...
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Rome’s War against barbaric invaders was fought without mercy. Vanquished tribes expected no quarter, and got none. Their leaders were often banished or executed, and many women and children were sent into slavery.
Some women so feared the conquerors that when their men were...
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After defeating the army of Darius in 331 BCE, Alexander marched into Persepolis & destroyed the Achaemenid Empire forever.
It's not that Alexander hated the Persians, he just loved them in an intermittently murderous way.
All 3 of his wives were Persian for example, and his...
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The Scythians were primarily an Indo-European people. Greek historian Herodotos in his work 'The Histories' describes the Budini of Scythia as red haired and grey eyed.
Additionally, the Greek physician Hippocrates described the Scythians as...
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The Roman Catholic Church had a huge say in the dissolution and memory of Celtic culture. Druidism is believed to have left the history books by 700 CE before continuing briefly underground. When Catholicism took over the British Isles, pagan sites were turned into…
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The Gauls were no forestieri when it came to the art of decapitation.
The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus:
"When the enemies fall, the Gauls cut off their heads and fasten them to the necks of their horses. They nail up the heads in their houses. They....
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The subjugation of Gutium by Sargon of Akkad.
During the early Bronze Age, Gutium, located in the Zagros Mountains, was inhabited by a fierce and warlike people known as the Gutians.
They frequently raided neighboring territories, causing unrest and destabilizing the region...
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Book 7 of the 'Histories' by Herodotus finds Darius preparing a third assault on Athens, but he dies before he can initiate it. His son, Xerxes, demonstrates his style of rule by mercilessly crushing a revolt in Egypt and launching a 5 year preparation for...
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Around 75 BC, a new wave of settlers invaded Britain. The Belgae. They came from a part of France called by the Romans Gallia Belgica. They were great metalworkers and produced gold, silver and iron ornaments of marvellous workmanship. They also revolutionised agriculture by...
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The Indus Valley Civilisation developed an intricate writing script. There seem to have been between 300 and 700 symbols, with many compounds – indicating that it may have been a logosyllabic script, where each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single letter. Written...
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During Roman times, Britain had to face one increasing danger. That of Saxon pirates and Raiders. To counter this was the 'classis Britannica' - A fleet within the ancient Roman navy, tasked with overseeing the English Channel and the waters around the province of Britannia...
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Concerning the Claudian invasion of Britain in 43, Dio writes of an early triumph when the Romans received the surrender of a tribe he calls the "Bodunni". No tribe of this nom de guerre is known, but it's similar to that of the Dobunni who were west of the Catuvellauni...
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The Hittites.
The Hittites were, for a time, the most powerful of the 3 empires that dominated the Middle east.(Hittites, Assyrians & Egyptians)
They dominated the Egyptians and looted Babylon outright. Their armored chariots were the tanks of the ancient world, dominant in
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The Besieged Constantinople.
No city, has had to undergo so many a number of sieges and assaults as Constantinople. Byzantium was twice besieged by the ancient Greeks (Alcibiades and Philip of Macedon); thrice by the Roman Emperors (Septimius Severus, Maximus, and...
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In 332 BCE, Alexander was busy laying waste to Syria, Lebanon, Palestine & Israel.
In Syria, he sold the population of Tyre into slavery for resisting his siege.
In 330, he landed in persia.
Priests were murdered and Persian women forced to marry his soldiers…
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According to Cassius Dio, Claudius was in Britain for only 16 days. During this period, he received submission from several tribes. The Atrebates were inconsequential, Verica had already auctioned them off in Rome. In East Anglia, the Iceni submitted under...
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Sunset at Apollonia, Albania, an important Ancient Greek colony on the Illyrian coast along the Adriatic Sea.
Apollonia was a city founded by Greek colonists from Corfu and Corinth sometime in the 6th century BC. It was originally named after its semi-legendary founder, Gylax,
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After the Greek astronomer Pytheas of Massalia first set foot in Britain, the British isles disappeared for some time from the sight of the Greek and Roman world, partly because the Carthaginians gained firmer control of the western Mediterranean and...
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The Ancient Germanic Tribes.
In Germania, Tacitus reports:
"When not engaged in warfare they (the Germans) spend a certain amount of time in hunting, but much more in idleness, thinking of nothing else but sleeping and eating. For the boldest and most warlike men have no regular
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The Seleucid empire was the largest of all the great Hellenistic kingdoms.
Due to the rivalry with the Ptolemies, Seleucid attention remained concentrated on the West, whether they liked it or not.
And In the East, Parthians were keeping them busy with unmatched banditry.
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The rate at which Britons became 'Romanized' was largely a matter of personal decision. As long as existing ways of life and conduct were acceptable to the Roman jurisdiction, and taxes were paid, no change was demanded. Naturally, therefore, the fastest rate of...
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Sumerians Looked to the Heavens as They Invented the System of Time… And We Still Use it Today. One might find it curious that we divide the hours into 60 minutes and the days into 24 hours - why not a multiple of 10 or 12? Put quite simply, the answer is because the inventors
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In AD 409, Rome was filled with the stench of starvation. Citizens were dying in their thousands. Outside the city walls, a 30,000-strong army under the Visigoth king, Alaric, was patrolling. On the Tiber, Goth ships ensured that no supplies made their way into the besieged city
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The mystery of the philistines.
Regarding the origin of the philistines, archaeology and text records turn up both clues and contradictions. According to Genesis, the Philistines were descended from Ham son of Noah, considered to be the father of the peoples of Africa...
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Arriving in Britain in the summer of 77, Agricola made it his priority to defeat the Ordovices of wales. This he did promptly and also managed to overrun the whole island of Anglesey. In 82, he probably wiped out the novantae.
Agricola had some knowledge on Ireland having...
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Aryan Migration.
The three main ancient texts that pertain to the Aryan migration debate are the Mitanni texts (which have been scientifically dated to 1300 BCE and which no one dares to challenge, but whose composers, the Indo-European Mitanni people, are known to have been
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In AD 40, Caligula was on the point of launching an invasion into Britain. However, he then suddenly called it off, using as an excuse the fact that Cunobelinus’ exiled son Adminius had fled to him and promised submission. At this point, Britain was as good as conquered, and so..
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The ruins of a Han dynasty watchtower at Dunhuang in western China.
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The ruins of Panticapaeum, an important ancient Greek colony, and capital of the Bosporan Kingdom, present-day Kerch, Crimea.
The Bosporan Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient Greco-Scythian state located in eastern Crimea and the Taman
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The Albanians of Italy.
The Arbëreshë or Arbareschi live in southern Italy. They descend from Albanian migrants, follow the Greek Orthodox faith, and speak Arbërisht, a dialect that has developed in the course of over 500 years of residence in Italy. Today, Arbëresh villages and
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The Islamic Golden Age gave us many concepts that we take for granted today.
Most mathematical & scientific words beginning with ‘al’ indicate an Islamic origin, so algebra, chemical compounds like alkali and surprisingly, considering it is generally considered haram, alcohol…
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The Ugarit Archives
Thousands of cuneiform tablets written in a distinctive script tell the dramatic story of a Bronze Age merchant city in Syria
Urtenu was a late Bronze Age merchant of some status. From his town house in Ugarit,he ran a trading firm that conducted business...
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Traditions of the Irish people are the oldest of any race in Europe north and west of the Alps, and they themselves are the longest settled on their own soil.
Irish tradition records that they originally came from northern Spain.
Modern scholars agree that Ireland was first...
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Map: Regions which carry the names of the ancient Gauls in Europe and Asia Minor. The map is limited to the territory of the Roman Empire.
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In the 3rd century AD, Saxon raiders & Pirates were a menace on the English Channel. So, Maximian appointed Carausius as the Channel naval commander but later ordered his death when he found that, Carausius was lining his own pockets with the booty he'd recovered from raiders...
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Alexander Consulting the Oracle of Apollo.
Alexander the Great, after becoming king of the Macedonians, but before launching his famous invasion of the Persian Empire, decided to stop by the Oracle at Delphi for a prophecy about his future. Alexander had the bad luck of
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Because Coptic and Arabic coexisted for several centuries in Egypt, some scholars in the medieval Arab world had a better understanding of Egyptian scripts than Horapollo and his Renaissance admirers.
Ibn Wahshiyah, who lived in the 9th century, was one of the best known of...
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Buddhist Art.
It is now commonly agreed that the figure of Buddha was modelled after the prototype of Apollo.
So, especially the bump of intelligence on the top of Buddha’s head, has been changed into a top knot of his hair, which happened to be fashionable in those days in
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Goths.
I find Goths interesting because they are the forgotten member of the Germanic family. The “Eastern Germans.”
Germanic peoples moved south during the Iron age and Goths were the ones who went southeast.
They are important to history because they essentially brought...
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In 513 BC, the army of Persian Emperor Darius I launched an invasion into Scythia.
When presented with a surrender ultimatum, the Scythians responded by dispatching a bird, a frog, a mouse, and five arrows to the Persian ruler. This message conveyed the warning that unless he…
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Lycia was granted autonomy as a protectorate of Rome in 168 BC.
Since that time, the communities of Lycia had been allowed to remain free but used this freedom to quarrel among themselves. So, in AD 43, Claudius decided that they were unfit for freedom and accordingly...
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Around 113 BCE, the Germanic Cimbri and Teutones tribes were a people on the move. Repulsed by the Celtic Boii people of Central Europe, they moved south into what is now Austria and attacked the Celtic kingdom of Noricum. The Gauls of Noricum were overpowered, and called upon...
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The Silures were a Celtic tribe in wales that fiercely resisted Roman conquest, and occupation. Tacitus accused the tribe of recalcitrance:
“... they were changed neither by cruelty nor by clemency...”
Roman armies had been campaigning against the inhabitants of...
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The Roman philosopher Seneca talked about gladiator battles:
“It is pure murder. The men have no defensive armour... What is the need of defensive armour, or of skill? All these mean delaying death.
In the morning they throw men to the lions and the bears; at noon, they..
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The earliest Phoenician inscription that has survived is the Ahiram epitaph at Byblos in Phoenicia, dating from the 11th century bce and written in the North Semitic alphabet.
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The Greek colony of Selinus, Sicily.
Selinus was founded in 651 or 628 BC by colonists from Megara Hyblaea and from Megara in Greece. The city achieved great prosperity in the 5th century BC, when its great temples were built. By extending its territory, however, Selinus became
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Gold bracelet, dated to 332 BC - 395 AD depicting Serapis (from Egypt)
This beautiful artifact is on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens and it depicts Serapis. Serapis, also spelled Sarapis, was a Greco-Egyptian deity of the Sun first encountered at
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The distinctive yellow tunics in 16th century Ireland were a mark of aristocracy, as they were often made with expensive linen and dyed with saffron imported from Spain or France. The saffron tunics became an item of fashion among the Irish in the late medieval era, when...
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Agriculture was by far the most lucrative occupation in the Roman Empire, and the wealthiest people in the empire were almost all landowners who had become fat on the sale of wheat and barley.
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It should be remembered that, the marriage-alliances offered by King Agrippa to Claudius, often carried with them a request to embrace Jewish religion in its strictest form including circumcision. Claudius however, had no wish to see Judaism spreading any farther, just as he...
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In the 1st century AD, the Roman philosopher Seneca wrote a letter to his friend Licilius, in which he complained about the noise of bathers’ cries, ball games, and belly flops in the public Roman baths.
After disappearing for a thousand years, this Roman idea was...
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