🌴Scott Zona, Ph.D.🌴 @scottzona.bsky.social
@Scott_Zona
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Personal acct. #TropicalBotany . Author of "A Gardener's Guide to Botany.” Henry's 2nd favorite dad 🐶 IG: Scott.Zona
📐, North Carolina, 🇺🇸
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🚨 My award-winning book is in stores now! 🚨
Publisher’s blurb here:
Available from your local bookseller, or these:
Amazon
B & N
Waterstones
Book Depos.
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21
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Passiflora boenderi has leaf spots that mimic butterfly eggs. "Occupied" leaves deter butterflies from laying real eggs.
#Passifloraceae
24
312
908
Today is
#WorldRobberflyDay
.
Elegantly attired for the occasion is the Carpenter Bee Robber Fly (
#Hyperechia
marshalli), as photographed by Ton Rulkens in
#Mozambique
.
#Diptera
#Asilidae
3
71
431
The corky prickles on the
#bark
of Ceiba insignis (
#Malvaceae
) are, presumably, defensive, but they beg the question: From what creature(s) are they defending the tree?🐵🐻🐰🐷
25
35
422
My PhD advisor, the late Sherwin Carlquist, successfully grew Hydnora africana (
#Aristolochiaceae
) at his home in Claremont, CA. He put seeds on the roots of Euphorbia caput-medusae (
#Euphorbiaceae
) & eventually was rewarded with flowers. This is his photo.
#parasiticplant
10
70
423
Vachellia collinsii (
#Fabaceae
) have hollow stipular spines that are inhabited by
#ants
. The ants will vigorously defend the plant against all enemies. Native to s. Mexico & Central America.
#TropicalBotany
#mutualism
#symbiosis
#domatia
#stipules
13
66
383
Even more bizarre (than yesterday's species) is this
#Boraginaceae
from the Desert Southwest: It is Pholisma sonorae, which is also a root
#parasite
of nearby shrubs in the Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, and even of other Boraginaceae! 📷: Kenneth Lorenzen via
@inaturalist
5
52
375
Beautiful symmetry in the leaf arrangement of the aquatic Ludwigia sedioides (
#Onagraceae
). The species epithet means "like Sedum" because the plant resembles a rosette species of Sedum.
#TropicalBotany
6
99
347
What’s not to love about Liriodendron tulipifera (
#Magnoliaceae
)? Cool leaves, humongous stipules and those striking flowers! 😍😍😍
13
48
353
While every other platform has a Saguaro-type (subfamily
#Cactoideae
) cactus
#emoji
, LG went with an Opuntia (
#Opuntioideae
). Well played, LG! 🌵
And kudos to
#WhatsApp
for adding flowers. Nice touch!
#Cactaceae
#Cactus
#Cactusemoji
#Taxonomy
@LGUS
Yes,
#Iamabotanist
6
71
348
One of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom, the way Catasetum sticks pollinia on an insect (or finger) is amazing!
#orchid
#Orchidaceae
#pollination
9
87
341
Ticking this off my life list today. Green Swamp Preserve, North Carolina. Dionaea muscipula.
9
30
340
Cushion plants, krummholz vegetation & coastal wind-pruned plants have many features similar to those of
#divaricating
plants, but cushion plants, from harsh, montane sites, have the densest canopies of all. 📷: Azorella compacta (
#Apiaceae
), Bolivia, Cody Hinchliff CC BY-NC-SA 2
3
40
312
We have lift off! 🚀 Today is the official launch day of my book, A Gardener's Guide to Botany! Available from all the usual booksellers (links in my pinned tweet).
(Yes, I am very pleased. 🥳🎉🍾 Photo by TH Chow.)
@QuartoHomes
12
39
299
Fabulous photos showing the mutualism between
#cycads
and
#cyanobacteria
. Those dark bands inside the roots are colonies of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
#Cyadaceae
#Zamiaceae
7
46
299
For plant-y people who like coffee, here it is: from flower to cup.
#coffee
#cafe
#CoffeeLover
#Coffea
5
62
295
Aspidistra grandiflora was described from Vietnam in 2007. What could possibly pollinate the flowers & what is the function of those long perianth lobes? Most Aspidistra seem shy to flower, which may account for so much diversity being overlooked for so long.
#Asparagaceae
9
37
293
Llareta or yareta (Azorella compacta;
#Apiaceae
) is an amazing cushion plant of the South American Altiplano. It was once cut and burned to fuel copper smelting, an unsustainable practice: Cushions grow only 1.5 cm/yr. 📷:
@TAFeuerborn
#TropicalBotany
#Apiales
6
52
282
Most cultivated bananas are
#parthenocarpic
& sterile
#triploids
. Just as well. The seeds of bananas are large & hard. If all bananas had
#seeds
like this wild-type Musa liukiuensis (
#Musaceae
), they’d be inedible.
#TropicalBotany
9
144
285
Flowers on the edges of leaves? Impossible! These "leaves" are actually flattened stems (
#cladodes
). This is Semele androgyna (
#Asparagaceae
), endemic to the Canary Islands & Madiera. Photo'd at
@TrescoGarden
9
79
283
Beautiful symmetry in the leaf arrangement of the aquatic Ludwigia sedioides (
#Onagraceae
).
#TropicalBotany
3
72
266
#Monocots
get in on the red new leaf act, and no one does it better than Chambeyronia macrocarpa of New Caledonia. It is sometimes called the Flame-thrower palm. Obviously. 💁♂️
#Arecaceae
#red
#leaves
#palm
#TropicalBotany
6
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272
I received the sad news this morning that Sherwin Carlquist has died. He was my PhD advisor & good friend of 35+ years. He was a giant in the fields of island biology and wood evolution. Botany has lost one of the greats.
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266
Do you think the tiny traps on this little seedling
#Nepenthes
really catch any prey? Bako National Park,
#Sarawak
,
#Malaysia
.
#carnivorousplants
#TropicalBotany
9
48
265
Botanists agree that
#Rosmarinus
(
#Rosemary
) is embedded within the genus
#Salvia
(
#Lamiaceae
), so Rosemary is now called Salvia rosmarinus. Please make a note of it. Thank you.
21
110
251
Flowers of this Neoregelia hybrid (
#Bromeliaceae
) develop underwater in the center of the rosette’s water tank (phytotelma). They emerge for a day just above the waterline to beckon pollinators. Fruits develop underwater, too.
#TropicalBotany
5
61
257
The cooling effect of mint (Mentha spp.,
#Lamiaceae
) is real. Menthol activates the same Ca2+-permeable cation channel that is activated by cold. How cool is that?
#phytochemicalfriday
The berth of cool: the shape of the protein that lets us sense cold is revealed.
0
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0
100
235
Something went terribly wrong with this thistle's terminal meristem -- it's become flattened (fasciated) and monstrose. It's an amazing find!
13
46
239
Longest known leaf in the Angiosperms!
@meriania
@MarisaEuthamiae
Raphia regalis (palm), in central Africa (Gabon & Camerooun), up to 25 m leaves.
4
11
65
1
58
235
It's not every day we can tweet about a NEW FAMILY of Angiosperms!
GIANT CABBAGE!? ... a
#newspecies
&
#newfamily
of
#plant
Tiganophyton karasense • Tiganophytaceae, A New Brassicalean Family discovered in Namibia.
5
42
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1
59
226
Hi, Plant People 👋
I’m pleased that my new book is now available for pre-order! 🚨 Publisher’s blurb here:
Order it here:
Amazon
B & N
Waterstones
Book Depos.
16
40
221
#Iridaceae
are spectacular! The family is cosmopolitan & has over 2100 spp. There are 7 subfamilies. 1st up: the geographically & phylogenetically isolated Isophysis tasmanica from
#Tasmania
.
#Isophysidoideae
📷: Kaely Kreger via
@inaturalist
2
22
216
Just a reminder that my book, A Gardener's Guide to Botany, will be out in Jan 2023 (a 4-week delay because "supply chain" 😒). You can reserve your copy now. Booksellers' links are in my pinned tweet.
5
33
217
This one might be my favorite: Solanum pyracanthos of
#Madagascar
. Its specific epithet means “Fire thorn.” How metal is that?
#Solanaceae
#TropicalBotany
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37
218
🚨 I'm delighted to learn that my book, A Gardener's Guide to Botany, has been selected as one of three recipients of the American Horticultural Society's Book Award for 2023! 🏆💯🌟
@AHS_Gardening
@QuartoHomes
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20
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It's finally happened: I've had this
#orchid
for 6 yrs, bought as a single, small pseudobulb for $10. Nursed it, moved it, coddle it. At last rewarded with 2 spikes of the most amazing color! This is Monnierara Millennium Magic 'Witchcraft' FCC/AOS
15
14
217
A final holoparasite to close out two weeks of Parasitic Angiosperms. This is Tristerix aphyllus (
#Loranthaceae
), endemic to
#Chile
& a parasite of the columnar
#cactus
Leucostele chiloensis (Echinopsis c.)
#Cactaceae
#parasite
#holoparasite
2
31
213
Stapelia (
#Apocynaceae
) flowers are famous for stinking of carrion & deceiving Calliphorid
#flies
into pollinating them, but this one is different. This little charmer is
#Stapelia
flavopurpurea, whose flowers are faintly but very pleasantly
#fragrant
.
#TropicalBotany
#perfume
1
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207
Anybody recognize this tree species? Evergreen, trifoliate leaves, papery bark. Growing outside in Seattle.
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An interesting phenomenon, much remarked upon by naturalists, is the red color of the new leaves of many woody plants. It is a very common phenomenon in the tropics. An outstanding example is Matudaea trinervia (
#Hamamelidaceae
).
#red
#leaves
#TropicalBotany
6
27
208
This week I’m spotlighting plants of
#Chile
with pics taken some years ago. First up: Cruckshanksia hymenodon of the
#Rubiaceae
. Those pink bits are enlarged sepal lobes. Embalse de Yeso, Chile. 🇨🇱
1
37
203
Sisal is a fiber extracted from Agave sisalana of Mexico, but nearly all the species have fibrous leaves that can yield fiber. By retting away the soft tissue of a leaf, I made a 1-m long length of fiber, complete with its own needle (terminal spine). 🪡🧵
#Agave
#Asparagaceae
8
24
206
The Huntington Botanical Gardens grows & displays Viscum minimum (
#Santalaceae
), which is a mistletoe that parasitizes Euphorbia polygona (
#Euphorbiaceae
). Those red berries are the fruits of the parasite, not the Euphorbia.
#parasiticplant
@TheHuntington
4
41
202
Epiphyllous flowers: Flowers are never borne on leaves, but if the inflorescence axis is fused to the leaf midvein, mirabile dictu, a leaf bears flowers. 📷1: Phyllobotryon spathulatum (
#Salicaceae
) by Ingrid Parmentier. 📷2: Helwingia sp. (
#Helwingiaceae
)
#Morphology
3
35
203
Meet Edithcolea grandis. Who was Miss Edith Cole 🇬🇧? Why was she collecting plants in Somalia in 1895?
#IWD2016
♀
7
88
196
Here's an interesting read about color frequency in flowers👉🏼Fragmentary Blue: Resolving the Rarity Paradox in Flower Colors
8
72
200
Fantastic! One of the fastest movements in the Plant Kingdom. Instead of a finger, imagine a bee probing the flower, and then imagine how surprised the bee would be to have that glued to its thorax!
#Orchidaceae
#pollination
1
45
197
This is amazing! 🤯😍 Balanophora (
#Balanophoraceae
) is successfully cultivated! It is a holoparasite, i.e. it has no chlorophyll so is completely dependent on its host, Pittosporum (
#Pittosporaceae
), for water and nutrients.
@Scott_Zona
@ChelsPhysicGdn
Balanophora tobiracola successfully grown in Tsukuba Botanical Garden, Tsukuba, Japan. I sowed seeds in the pot of one of its hosts Pittosporum tobira and emerged three years later.
1
15
61
4
33
199
Juniperus virginiana (
#Cupressaceae
) is a common in the eastern US. It has heteroblastic leaves – leaves that change shape as the plant matures. Juvenile with needle leaves on left; adult with scale leaves on right.
#Conifers
4
37
200
Stapelia flavopurpurea (
#Apocynaceae
) is perhaps my favorite
#Stapelia
. The colors are outstanding, and unlike its cousins, it is deliciously fragrant.
#succulents
#tropicalbotany
7
32
198
This week, I’m banging on about hydrochory: dispersal by water. Heritiera littoralis (
#Malvaceae
) is a mangrove tree with water-dispersed fruits. You might imagine the ridge acts like a keel, but it’s more of a sail or a vane.
#hydrochory
#dispersal
📷: Douglas Goldman CCBY4
6
26
196
Check out the new Crepidorhopalon droseroides (
#Linderniaceae
). Somebody has got to study this thing & find out whether it’s carnivorous. Coincidentally, Linderniaceae is sister to
#Byblidaceae
. Byblis is also sticky & produces enzymes in its glue.
#carnivory
#stickyplant
9
30
194
Perhaps the strangest glistening floral attractants are the enlarged, clear, finger-like cells at the base of the stamens in the flower of Nemacladus rubescens (
#Campanulaceae
). They are purely attractive (to
#Diptera
?). They aren't taken by
#pollinators
. 📷: Matt Berger CC BY 4
13
40
192
The evolution of a fig (
#Ficus
;
#Moraceae
)
#syconium
is not hard to imagine if you know the inflorescence of Dorstenia. It’s like a plate or bowl of tiny flowers. Now imagine turning that bowl into an urn, and you have a
#syconium
, an outside-in inflorescence.
#Tropicalbotany
0
33
197
I’m doing another week of
#Ericaceae
– it’s such a diverse and interesting family. Last week, I covered the many woody spp. of SE USA, but let’s not overlook the non-woody taxa like Monotropa uniflora, a bizarre mycoheterotrophic species of e. Asia & N. America.
#mycoheterotroph
6
29
195
The Africa Baobab (Adansonia digitata) tree gets lots of attention for its amazingly obese trunk, but the flowers are pretty spectacular too! They open at night and are pollinated by bats! 🦇🦇🦇
#Malvaceae
#TropicalBotany
5
33
191
Leaves of Araucaria araucana (
#Araucariaceae
) are spirally arranged -- and are hard, inflexible and sharp, like little daggers. 🗡️🗡️🗡️
5
50
189
Pachira aquatica (
#Malvaceae
) blooms at night, like proper fireworks. 🎆Fragrant, too, unlike fireworks.
#flowersthatlooklikefireworks
1
82
183
Sterculia tantraensis (
#Malvaceae
) of New Guinea produces that most fantastic
#fruits
. They are clusters of follicles that turn red and open to reveal black seeds. This display screams “Eat Me” to frugivorous birds, but the hard seeds offer no nutritional reward.
#dispersal
2
22
179
For
#BlackFriday
, I give you Dracula roezlii 'Cow Hollow.'
#orchid
#Orchidaceae
Photo by Luis E. Baquero
6
30
177
Leaf
#domatia
on
#Melastomataceae
are grotesquely elaborated pockets in the lamina or petioles. Those of Miconia tococa are inhabited by
#ants
that defend the plant against herbivores & even against climbing plants.
#TropicalBotany
#mutualism
📷: Dick Culbert (CC BY 2.0)
5
23
178
Zamia species (
#Zamiaceae
) offer their cones to beetles (
#Nitidulidae
,
#Curculionidae
;
#Coleoptera
) for brood-site
#pollination
. Beetles lay eggs in the cone scales & axis, but don’t harm the seeds. 📷: Zamia integrifolia by Richard Crook CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.
#beetles
3
28
179
More Pandanus roots, just because I’m 10 years old and can’t stop taking photos of their 🍆 roots.
#TropicalBotany
#Pandanaceae
3
24
179
I feel the need to highlight
#conifers
& their
#cones
this week & show the
#gymnosperms
a little love🥰. I’ll start with this great, stonking female cone of Dioon spinulosum. Now *that’s* a cone.
#Zamiaceae
5
14
178
Pieris (
#Ericaceae
) has a classic e. North America & e. Asia disjunction. This is Pieris phillyreifolia, endemic to the SE USA, where it climbs Taxodium trees by wedging itself into furrows in the bark of the trees. Its relatives lack this odd habit. 📷: Emmett Carstens CCBYNC4
5
23
169
Aerial water gardens? You bet!
Neoregelia (
#Bromeliaceae
) is a genus of epiphytic, rosette plants that impound water. Flowers develop underwater, emerging to invite the visits of
#butterflies
. This is the Neoregelia 'Big Mac.'
#pollination
#TropicalBotany
3
57
172
Sacred
#lotus
, Nelumbo nucifera (
#Nelumbonaceae
), is thermogenic. Most heat is produced in the receptacle, but stamens & tepals also become warm. Carbohydrates “burn” via alternative oxidase (AOX) & generate heat.
#Nitidulidae
beetles are pollinators.
#thermogensis
#Coleoptera
0
35
173
My friends & colleagues John & Soejatmi Dransfield successfully inoculated a walnut (Juglans sp.;
#Juglandaceae
) in their back garden with bits of Lathraea clandestina (
#Orobanchaceae
). THIS was the payoff. 🤯 What an amazing
#parasiticplant
!
4
42
173
Many
#Asteraceae
exhibit
#heterocarpy
within each inflorescence: fruits from different parts of the disk are different (with different
#dispersal
capacity). Here’s a plate from Souza-Filho et al. (2019) showing various species of Bidens.
#dispersal
. Paper:
2
45
173
Pterocactus (10 spp) means “winged cactus.” These S. American species have dry fruits that break open at maturity to release large, winged seeds. This is a wind-dispersed
#cactus
! 🤯
#Opuntoideae
#Cactaceae
#Tephrocacteae
#dispesal
. P. tuberosus by Silvina Velez CCBYNC4
1
26
167
The papery, peeling
#bark
of some trees, such as this Bursera simaruba (
#Burseraceae
), may be a defense against epiphytes, or so one hypothesis goes. I don’t see much empirical support for this hypothesis. What's the function of papery bark?
#TropicalBotany
13
15
169
Calochortus obispoensis, a serpentine endemic. Kevin Bertolero CC BY 2.0
#Liliaceae
#Calochortus
#TeamMonocot
6
24
170
Does anyone recognize this daffodil cultivar? It’s early (blooming now), large-flowered, about 30 cm tall. On an old home site, so I’m guessing a cultivar from the 1980s or earlier.
#daffodil
#narcissus
11
14
166
Clematis smilacifolia (
#Ranunculaceae
) is a subtropical Chinese species, uncommon in cultivation. Leaves like Smilax.
#TropicalBotany
2
52
166
The white patches on the wet roots of this Phalaenopsis (
#Orchidaceae
) are patches of unwettable cells called pneumathodes. These allow gas exchange in the root (which is also photosynthetic) even when the root is in a wet environment.
#TropicalBotany
3
38
166
This has to be the funniest response to one of my tweets. Imagine being “offended” just by seeing a scientific name? 🤣🤣🤣
24
4
163
Magnolia denudata (
#Magnoliaceae
) is another beetle-pollinated species. The pollinators are large
#Coleoptera
(
#Scarabaeidae
). The thermal image shows that the stamens & carpels heat up. AOX respiration generates the heat. Thermal image from
0
33
164
I can’t walk by Mimosa pudica (
#Fabaceae
) without testing its sensitivity. Can you?
#TropicalBotany
13
12
161
I don’t know the species of this Anthurium, but it is outstanding.
#Araceae
#IPSBiennial2022
7
15
161
You know I’ve never met an
#Aristolochia
that I didn’t like. This is Aristolochia passiflorifolia, endemic to
#Cuba
, and it’s fabulous 🙌. I also love
#Passiflora
, so this species is 🔥💯.
#Passifloraceae
#Aristolochiaceae
#Tropicalbotany
5
21
162
Not exactly an
#OddMonocot
(it’s in the iris family,
#Iridaceae
), but the parts we use from Crocus sativus (
#Saffron
) are a bit odd, viz. the styles. I can’t think of any other plant in which only those specific parts are used by humans, can you? Happy
#Plantsgiving
!
7
17
162
0
18
161
What do leaves do? 7. Insulation. In the Andean paramo, every night is winter. The fuzzy leaves & skirt of dead leaves protect the stems & growing point of Espeletia hartwegiana (
#Asteraceae
) from freezing.
#whatleavesdo
📷: Dick Culbert
2
33
157
Strange
#seed
#dispersal
case
#8
: Cucumis humofructus (
#Cucurbitaceae
; 📷: Braam van Wyk) matures fruits below ground (like peanuts). Fruits are sought by aardvarks (Orycteropus afer; 📷: Albert Herbigneaux), which dig up & eat the fruits & disperse the seeds!
#geocarpy
2
35
158
Movement is caused by changes in hydrostatic pressure in the
#pulvinus
, which in
#Marantaceae
is located at the union of the leaf blade and the petiole. Wonderful to see in time-lapse.
This time-lapse of how Calathea
#houseplants
move over 3 days is equal parts 🤯 & 😱. The plant causes its leaves to move by changing the pressure in the leaf nodes on their stems. It's thought this is to maximise the plant's potential to absorb sunlight.
#ItsAlive
!
13
42
141
2
33
156
A couple more photos (from
@iNaturalist
) of Calyceraceae just because they are so awesome!
1st photo: Gamocarpha macrocephala by Manlio Martínez Barona CC BY-NC4
2nd photo: Calycera monocephala by Catherine Fox CC BY-NC4
#lesserknownAsterales
#Asterales
#Calyceraceae
4
36
154
Green Swamp is renowned for fantastic populations of this well-known carnivorous plant, Dionaea muscipula (
#Droseraceae
). 🪰 I posted a quick photo from the field last week, but here’s another. 🪰 Seeing this plant in the wild was a huge thrill.
#carnivorousplant
#Dionaea
2
24
155
Everyone probably knows petunias (
#Solanaceae
) & their stickiness. Glandular hairs on the surface of Petunia exserta secrete an exudate that is the undoing of greenhouse fungus gnats. Petunia isn’t carnivorous, but carnivory may have started this way. Function?
#stickyplant
2
13
154
Sanguinaria canadensis (
#Papaveraceae
) has seeds that are dispersed by
#ants
. The ants are collecting the nutritious elaiosome, the white, oily body attached to the seeds. The
#seeds
themselves are just by-catch. 📷: Kent McFarland
#dispersal
2
19
154
Parasitic angiosperms have a haustorial connection to their host. In contrast, the non-photosynthetic myco-heterotrophs, like this Sarcodes sanguinea, get their nutrition via fungi that are connected to trees & shrubs.
#Ericaceae
#mycoheterotroph
#mycorrhiza
2
22
153
#Xeronemataceae
include a single genus of two species, one from New Zealand and this one,
Xeronema moorei (Antoin Simon CCBYNC4 via
@inaturalist
), from New Caledonia. Perching bird pollination seems probable, but butterflies might also be involved.
#OddMonocot
#Asparagales
3
33
151
I love this idea from
@CactiSucculents
latest Newsletter. What a great idea to spread the love of
#houseplants
!
3
46
151
Nypa fruticans (
#Arecaceae
) is a
#mangrove
#palm
from
#Asia
. Each fruit has 1 seed, which is
#viviparous
: seed germinates before fruit is dispersed by ocean currents (
#hydrochory
). BTW, the
#endosperm
may or may not be ruminate. 📷: fruits in longitudinal section.
#TropicalBotany
1
43
146
What are the white specks on my Jade Plant (Crassula ovata;
#Crassulaceae
)? They’re mineral deposits marking the positions of hydathodes (water secretion pores), as diagrammed 50 yrs ago by Thomas Rost in the Botanical Gazette 130(4):267-270. 1969.
#Iamabotanist
#houseplant
6
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Unexpected Discovery of Endangered, Carnivorous Aquatic Plant in Japan
1
40
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