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What is Asthma?🫁🫁🤔 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with reversible airflow limitation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Pathophysiology Chronic airway inflammation → hyper-responsive bronchi. Trigger exposure causes bronchoconstriction, mucus

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Which drug class is considered the first-line controller therapy for persistent asthma? A) Short-acting β₂ agonists B) Long-acting β₂ agonists alone C) Inhaled corticosteroids D) Leukotriene receptor antagonists Answer in comments 👇🏻

🚨 Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction: (Immediate Hypersensitivity) Type I hypersensitivity is an IgE-mediated allergic reaction that occurs within minutes after exposure to an allergen. ⚙️ Pathophysiology: 1️⃣ First exposure → allergen triggers IgE production. 2️⃣ IgE binds to

Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) 🩸 is an effective IV treatment for iron deficiency anemia when rapid repletion is needed. 🔻Common side effects: headache, nausea, flushing, injection-site reactions → usually during or shortly after infusion. 🔻Key delayed effect:

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معايير التشخيص: • سكر الصيام: 100–125 ملغم/ديسيلتر • السكر التراكمي (HbA1c): 5.7–6.4% • سكر الدم بعد الأكل بساعتين: 140–199 ملغم/ديسيلتر عوامل الخطورة: • زيادة الوزن أو السمنة • قلة النشاط البدني • وجود تاريخ عائلي للسكري • الإصابة السابقة بسكري الحمل • ارتفاع ضغط الدم

ما هي حالة ما قبل السكري؟ 🤔 هي حالة يكون فيها مستوى السكر في الدم أعلى من الطبيعي، لكنه لم يصل بعد إلى مرحلة تشخيص مرض السكري. في هذه المرحلة يمكن الوقاية من الإصابة بالسكري أو تأخير حدوثه. السبب الرئيسي: تحدث ما قبل السكري غالبًا بسبب مقاومة الإنسولين، وهي قلة استجابة خلايا

في تشخيص حالة ماقبل السكري ، يكون سكر الصائم:

🧬 Immunoglobulin M (IgM): IgM is the first antibody produced by the immune system during an initial (acute) infection. It plays a major role in early immune defense. ⚙️ What Does IgM Do? -First responder antibody in acute infections. -Activates the complement system (very

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Correct answer: B. N-acetylcysteine Paracetamol overdose produces a toxic substance in the liver (NAPQI) that can cause serious liver damage. N-acetylcysteine (NAC): 🔹Replaces glutathione (a protective substance in the liver) 🔹Helps neutralize the toxic metabolite 🔹Prevents

💊The antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose is:

⚠️ High-yield safety reminders: •Respiratory depression is the most serious risk •Common effects: constipation, nausea, sedation •Antidote → Naloxone •Use the lowest effective dose

💊 Opioids (like Morphine, Fentanyl, Tramadol) bind to μ-opioid receptors to relieve moderate to severe pain. They are effective but require careful use due to safety concerns.

⚠️ Key points to remember: •Similar benefits to ACE inhibitors •No cough (preferred if ACEI-induced cough occurs) •Monitor potassium & renal function •Contraindicated in pregnancy 🚫

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💊 ARBs (like Losartan, Valsartan) block angiotensin II receptors → ↓ vasoconstriction and ↓ aldosterone secretion They are commonly used for hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy

🍊 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin essential for immunity, collagen formation, iron absorption, and antioxidant protection. ⚙️ What Does Vitamin C Do? -Collagen synthesis → essential for skin, bone, cartilage, wound healing. -Antioxidant →

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Which of the following is the most suitable answer for this patient?

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🩺GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease — backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and sometimes chest discomfort. 💊 Main Drug Classes 🔺 Antacids (Immediate relief) Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate ✔️ Fast onset

⚠️ High-yield cautions: Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Require drug level monitoring Synergistic with β-lactams in serious infections

🦠 Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin) are powerful Gram-negative antibiotics that inhibit the 30S ribosomal subunit → bactericidal effect Commonly used in severe hospital infections