Hope (虎)
@Mahraban10
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Following
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453
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Abu Hanifah. As Salamu Alaykum. Just old things. عقيدة القرون الثلاثة المفضلة Tawhid. قال الشعبي: لا أدري نصف العلم #UyghurLivesMatter
Joined December 2020
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Pinned Tweet
أتدري أين سكناه؛ أخوك وأين مسعاه
وهل عيناك تثبته إذا فاتتك عيناه
بلا لغة تصافحه؛ وتدمع حين تلقاه
لإن ضاقت به الدنيا فصدرك أنت مأواه
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From Right to left:
An Uyghur, A Hui & a Kazakh among other Muslims protesting against an Islamophobic book in China (1989).
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Salar Muslims of China. 1930s.
1) Xunhua. (1933)
2) Xunhua. (Jishi, Qinghai Sheng 1933-34)
3) Kehtsikung in Tsinghai. Photographed after prayer (Gai zi Mosque, Jishi , Xunhua 1933)
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Shinobu Iwamura, a Japanese researcher who surveyed Inner Mongolian Muslims in 1943, noted that the community received many converts—especially the poor—who were attracted by inter-communal solidarity among Muslims.
Many felt it was better to simply convert & join the community.
A Mosque in Hohot, Inner Mongolia, China (1981?).
This Mosque was built in 1693 during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing dynasty.
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Puguang, 愛新覺羅·溥侗 (1877-1952), the cousin of the last Manchu Emperor Puyi.
He converted to Islam in 1930.
Wallahu A'lam, the sincerity of his Iman.
His conversion was reported in al Fath (Apr25, 1935)
Muhammed Makin (Ma Jian)'s 1934 book
نظرة جامعة في تاريخ الإسلام في الصين وأحوال المسلمين فيها
Originally a series of lectures delivered in the presence of the likes of Rashid Rida, it was published by Muhibuddin al Khatib's المطبعة السلفية.
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Bayan-Ölgii, Western Mongolia.
Mongolia's only province (aimag) with a Muslim & Kazakh majority.
"Muslim" khans of the Mongol Northern Yuan dynasty
1. Öljei Temür Khan or Bunyashiri (1379-1412).
2. Esen-Taishi (1407-1454).
Öljei converted to Islam after taking refuge at the court of Timur.
Esen converted to marry the daughter of Uwais Khan (Muslim descendent of Chingiz).
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1. 1904
2. 1930
Under the influence of Confucianism, when going out, the Korean upper class wore a kiln and the middle class wore a long robe to prevent men from seeing their faces.
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N.Y.T article on the hero Osman Batur (April 18, 1949). He promises to never yield, and to resist the communists with his 5000 warriors.
Photos:
1. White Russian guards of Osman Batur.
2. Osman Batur in his hideout.
3. One of Osman's Kazakh cavalrymen on patrol.
East Turkistan (November, 1949):
A Communist delegation at Hami, to demand the surrender of Osman Batur (third from right).
[Source: Kazak Exodus (1956) by Godfrey Lias]
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Muslim women in Srinagar, Kashmir pray as the sun rises behind the Himalayas (1948).
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Liu Qing’en (1869-1929) the inventor of General Liu rifle —the first Chinese semi-automatic rifle— was a Hui.
He was one of the thirty-six members of the Islamic Educational Association in Tokyo.
Many Hui studied in Japan during the late Qing period.
[]
Did you know that Wu'erkaixi; one of the leaders of the Tiananmen square protests was an Uyghur.
(Trivia)
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Thread on Quran & Arabic schools in China (not East Turkistan) in 2012/2013:
The Yasin Quran Hifdh School in Linxia, Gansu.
A very heartwarming recitation by a 3 year old Chinese that melted my heart.
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A Mosque in Hohot, Inner Mongolia, China (1981?).
This Mosque was built in 1693 during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing dynasty.
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Qinghai, North-West China (1940):
A very pleased Ma Bufang with his "Buick Century 1st Gen" sedan. Apparently the first one in Qinghai province.
Propaganda event in 1938 to rally Muslim support for the ROC's 🇹🇼 war against 🇯🇵's occupation.
1). Arabic banner with the KMT's emblem.
2). Leaflet with verses from Surah Anfal.
3). Da Pusheng leading the dua for victory.
4). Parade.
―Xi'an, N.W. China (21 Sep. 1938).
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"Muslim" khans of the Mongol Northern Yuan dynasty
1. Öljei Temür Khan or Bunyashiri (1379-1412).
2. Esen-Taishi (1407-1454).
Öljei converted to Islam after taking refuge at the court of Timur.
Esen converted to marry the daughter of Uwais Khan (Muslim descendent of Chingiz).
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N.Y. Times (Apr 9, 1936):
A crowd of 500 Beijing Muslims attacked the offices of two Chinese newspapers—The papers published orientalist depictions of the Turkistani town of Hami & its "beautiful women"—The Muslims of Beijing were deeply offended by this insult to Muslim women.
From Right to left:
An Uyghur, A Hui & a Kazakh among other Muslims protesting against an Islamophobic book in China (1989).
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1) Salar muslim wedding in Xunhua (Jishi Feb 1932)
2) The Bride wears the veil for special occasions such as marriages and after the marriage receives money from friends and family.
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The Chinese Salafi; Abu Musa Muhammad (La Shanqin) wrote a preface for the Tajik sheikh Muhammed Sultan al Ma'sumi's (d.1960);
أجوبة المسائل الثمان
He probably also distributed the book among Chinese pilgrims in 1941.
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Propaganda Piece from a Nationalist Japanese Magazine on the 10th anniversary of the Tokyo Muslim School.
The "Tokio Mekteb-i Islamiye" was built in 1927 by Tatar refugees fleeing the Soviets and was closed after WWII.
Muslims from China (& around the world) and Tatar Muslim refugees under Japanese rule, etc.
List of Photographs from the Greater Japan Muslim League.
[早稲田大学 - Waseda University: PDF]
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Chinese soldiers patrol in Urumqi, Xinjiang, on July 15, 2009.
(2014-2015?):
1. Uyghur men in Turpan, East Turkestan.
2. Uyghur men in Shanghai, China.
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Kazakhstan (Sep? 2018):
Chinese Dungan Muslims in Sortobe, a town near the Kirgiz border.
Approximately 90% of Sortobe's 29,000 residents are Dungans.
The Dungans are Hui who fled Qing repression in the 19th century.
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Quran brought by Salar Muslims from Samarkand in 1371. (Kehtsïkung, Tsinghai, China 1933)
1) Page 1, Vol. I
2) Last pages of Vol. II. Page on left is not of original binding.
3) Vol. I on left in Russian leather binding. Vol. II in ordinary cowhide.
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내외법/內外法 naewoebŏp; Confucian Modesty in Joseon Korea.
Ignoring the obviously oppressive Jahiliyyah aspect; it is interesting to see their view of Modesty.
Korean woman wearing the Jang-ot (장옷/長衣).
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Kehtsikung, China 1933.
1) Qurans being held by two Salar Muslims in Tsinghai.
At Gai zi Mosque, Jishi, in Xunhua.
2) Minaret.
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1) Prayer niche, pulpit, and prayer mats in Kunming's oldest mosque
2) Haji holding framed image of the Kabah in Mecca.
(Hu Hadji, Hui Hui Teng, Menghua)
China 1934-35
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(2014-2015?):
1. Uyghur men in Turpan, East Turkestan.
2. Uyghur men in Shanghai, China.
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3 Student Ahongs (Imams) at the main mosque of Xining in China. 80 students in total were at the mosque (1933).
The 1st student is a Salar, the 2nd is from Hochow, 3rd from Sining. Photo taken at the Prayer hall.
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Translations from 1999:
1. The Three Fundamental Principles.
2. Kashf as-Shubuhat.
The Chinese Salafi; Abu Musa Muhammad (La Shanqin) wrote a preface for the Tajik sheikh Muhammed Sultan al Ma'sumi's (d.1960);
أجوبة المسائل الثمان
He probably also distributed the book among Chinese pilgrims in 1941.
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Muslims from China (& around the world) and Tatar Muslim refugees under Japanese rule, etc.
List of Photographs from the Greater Japan Muslim League.
[早稲田大学 - Waseda University: PDF]
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East Turkistan (November, 1949):
A Communist delegation at Hami, to demand the surrender of Osman Batur (third from right).
[Source: Kazak Exodus (1956) by Godfrey Lias]
Report (August 03, 1949):
‒Ma Bufang messaged Osman Batur, asking him to come to Qinghai for a conference—perhaps to discuss cooperation with regards to resisting the CCP advance.
‒Osman did not go himself, but on July 5, he sent his secretary Kurmanbai to meet Ma Bufang.
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Tibetan Muslim tribal chieftain in the Tibetan Plateau.
(1932-33)
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Wearing Arabic headdress in Linxia (Gansu, China) on the day of Eid (1993).
The Body is in China but the heart is in Makkah
جِسْمِي مَعِي غيَر أََنَّ الرُوّحَ عندكم *** فاَلْجسِْمُ فيِ غرُْبةٍَ وَالرُوّحُ فيِ وطنِ
فلَيْعَْجَبِ النَاّسُ مِنِيّ أَنَّ ليِ بدََناً *** لَا روُحَ فيِهِ وَليِ روُحٌ بلِاَ بدنِ
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For Osman Batur (rh), from Makkah (2022).
N.Y.T article on the hero Osman Batur (April 18, 1949). He promises to never yield, and to resist the communists with his 5000 warriors.
Photos:
1. White Russian guards of Osman Batur.
2. Osman Batur in his hideout.
3. One of Osman's Kazakh cavalrymen on patrol.
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Hong Kong has 300,000 Muslims (150,000 Indonesians). Some have been in HK for decades.
“Many employers.. are worried that those who [fast] won’t have the energy to work.”
No day off for Eid. So many just had fun on Ramadan's last Sunday.
COVID-restrictions over. Mosques open.
Eid ul-Fitr 2023: how it’s celebrated in Hong Kong, and what foods are eaten
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Salar Muslims of China 1934-35.
1) Xing Jian Middle School.
2) The college, Yen Ch'i Chang, Menghua , Yunnan.
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China:
1. A Marriage Certificate of a Muslim Couple in 1929
2. Marriage Certificate - Yizhabu 伊紮布 (ījāb) of the Hui Muslims, 1931
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1. Kabul, Afghan woman in veil; circa 1933.
2. Woman with children journeying from Kabul to Ghazni, 1924.
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Most men were sent to labor for Ma Bufang. His brother Ma Buqing took two communist women as concubines and distributed over a hundred of them among his officers.
Some of these surviving men—like Ma Fucai (read below)—and women later converted to Islam & became devout Muslims.
Xining (Feb, 1937?): Ma Bufang's army with CCP POWs:
Near the end of the Long March, 7000 communists were killed in Hexi, Gansu by Ma Bufang and his brother Ma Buqing; 5200 were executed; 4000 men were enslaved for forced labor in Qinghai with some being sent to Chiang Kai Shek.
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Tibetan Muslims offering Salah.
Tibetan Muslim tribal chieftain in the Tibetan Plateau.
(1932-33)
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A Salar Muslim at the market with a captured fox.
(Labrang, Xiahe County, Gansu, China; 1934)
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1. Woman in burqa in Agra, India. 1950s or 60s.
2. Mosque of Tipu Sultan. Seringapatam (India) pre-1963.
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1930s (1939?):
1. Uyghur Leader Mahmut Muhiti giving a speech in Japan as the representative of East Turkistan.
(The white turbaned Tatar Abdur-Reshid Ibrahim is visible in the bottom left).
2. Mahmut Muhiti greeting Japanese Foreign Minister Kichisaburō Nomura.
Propaganda Piece from a Nationalist Japanese Magazine on the 10th anniversary of the Tokyo Muslim School.
The "Tokio Mekteb-i Islamiye" was built in 1927 by Tatar refugees fleeing the Soviets and was closed after WWII.
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In 1955 (over 4 years after the Communist Revolution) a 19 member delegation set out from China for the Hajj.
On the way back to China, delegation member Da Pusheng gave a speech after the Jumu’ah Salah outside a Mosque in New Delhi.
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Northwest China (c.1938):
Hui Muslim children learning Arabic at a school in order to recite the Qur'an.
(c.1938):
Hui Muslim boys in Northwest China.
(The boy with the turban appears to be a religious student?).
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Linxia, Gansu, North-West China (1938):
A huge crowd of Muslim gathers around an Akhund for the Eid prayer and the Khutbah after Ramadhan ends.
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Ningxia, Northwest China (1949):
Muslim Militiamen parading for Ma Hongkui. They wear white uniforms that bear a special insignia.
Ningxia, Northwest China (after 1945?):
‒Muslim militiamen being given basic military instruction that will enable them to resist the communist advance.
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Sheikh Mahmud Shaker in his younger days.
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General Mahmut Muhiti in East Turkistan (1930s).
Mengjiang Muslim delegation to Japan from 🇯🇵 occupied Inner Mongolia:
1). A visit to the Emperor Meiji Shrine with Mahmut Muhiti (Nov. 19, 1939).
2). Group photo with Abdur Reshid Ibrahim and Mahmut Muhiti (April 28, 1939).
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Eid al-Adha 2023.
Eid Mubarak.
Linxia, Gansu, North-West China (1940):
Salar Muslim peddlers sell Food, Fried Sweet Pastry, Beef for the Eid festival.
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Nepal - 1950s:
1. Woman walking through village wearing burqa.
2. Woman wearing burqa.
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Urumqi's May 19th Incident started with reaction to a book —Sexual Customs 性风俗—that "compared minarets to phalli" and described the Hajj as an "excuse for ... sodomy, with camels, no less." It came after protests in Lanzhou (below) and Xining, where books were burned...
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Mengjiang Muslim delegation from 🇯🇵 occupied Inner Mongolia:
‒Welcome speech by Hayashi Senjūrō in Osaka (Nov 28, 1939).
‒Gathering in Osaka (Nov 28, 1939).
‒Welcome banquet at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry sponsored by the prefecture and city chambers (Nov 24, 1939).
Hayashi Senjūrō receives a gift at the Japan Muslim League Headquarters, apparently from the Thai Muslim Association.
The presenter is a Muslim journalist called: Mohammad Kamil Taraba.
(林銑十郎, February 26, 1941)
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Puguang at the inauguration ceremony of the Tokyo Mosque, (12 May 1938).
The Tatar Abdur-Reshid ibrahim is visible in the background.
I think the man beside Ibrahim is the (Egyptian) Saudi Diplomat Hafiz Wahba.
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1. The grave of Ma Bufang in Saudi Arabia.
2. A building meant to house Chinese Hujjaj in Makkah. It was established through the endowment of Ma Bufang in 1950. It was still in use as of 2016.
Ma Bufang received refuge in KSA in the 1950s and settled in Taif until his death. But his family's relationship with Al-Saud was even older.
During the 1937 Hajj, his uncle Ma Lin ('Abdul Jalil) became a close bosom friend of King 'Abdul 'Aziz, even sweeping the Kabah together.
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Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, Huangpu District, Shanghai (12 January, 2015):
1. Entrance.
2. Prayer Hall.
3. Women's Section.
Caoqiao Mosque, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu:
1). 25 February 2012.
2). 13 October 2018.
3). 5 April 2008.
4). 2 March 2011.
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The Japanese were disappointed:
❝that the Indonesian people did not, before the landing of the Nippon army, [rebel] to overthrow the Netherlands Indies' government & then welcome us as an already free nation.❞
❝Indonesian[s] are of the same race & ancestry as the Nipponese❞
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Seal of Du Wenxiu who became "Sultan of Dali" in Yunnan during the Panthay rebellion.
His Sultanate printed the first copy of the Quran in China & used Arabic to conduct diplomacy.
Left: Islamic title of commander of all the Muslims.
Right: Chinese title of generalissimo.
🧵 The persecution of Muslims by Han Chinese groups is not new to the 21st century; in the 19th century, thousands of Muslims were demonised, oppressed & butchered- & the period has chilling parallels to the current persecution of Muslims, especially by hindutva terrorists.
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1. Korean women from the lower class of old Korea
wear cloaks over their heads during an outing. The cloak is called essugae chimae or 'changot'. (1904)
2. Korean women.
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North West China (1923-1941):
1. A young Hui officer in the standard uniform, with a pistol and belt of ammunition on the waist, in a fur hat.
2. Hui “soldiers at barracks 12000 feet above sea level. 4½ days southwest of Lanzhou, Kansu.”
The impetuous Ma Zhongying; a KMT aligned Hui general.
He dreamt of being the Sultan of Turan & creating an empire from the Caspian to Gansu in the manner of Genghis & Timur.
He destroyed the First East Turkestan Republic and was later defeated by the Soviets.
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During the 19thC. Anti-Qing rebellions, there was limited cooperation btw the rebel factions.
Taiping sent a delegation to encourage the Yunnanese Muslims.
The Nian Rebels also cooperated with the North-Western Muslims against the Qing. But mutual distrust caused them to clash.
Seal of Du Wenxiu who became "Sultan of Dali" in Yunnan during the Panthay rebellion.
His Sultanate printed the first copy of the Quran in China & used Arabic to conduct diplomacy.
Left: Islamic title of commander of all the Muslims.
Right: Chinese title of generalissimo.
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Nepal - 1950s:
1. Muslim women in a village.
2. Women wearing burqa and shawl.
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Advertisement for the Xining Salafi School dated 1936 and posted on the Gedimu City Corner Mosque lists.
(in color)
(1938?) Newspaper advertisement for one of the first Salafi schools in China:
“And the Director of the College appointed 2 deputies, Muhammad Husayn al-Qukiyajani al-Khahawi [&] Muhammad Habib Allah al-Tujawi (from Bukhara)."
(China and Islam: The Prophet, the Party, and Law)
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Another heartwarming recitation by a Chinese girl at the Yasin Quran Hifdh School in Linxia, Gansu.
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Guanghe, Gansu, China (1934):
A group of Hui soldiers stand in line at their barrack. Their task was to guard the pass on the way from Linxia to Lanzhou.
Thread:
Ma Hongkui; Warlord of Ningxia with his Hui troops during the Chinese Civil War (1948).
When the KMT lost the war he fled to America.
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Mature Sunflowers For Sale. Xining, Qinghai (August 14, 2015) by oz_lightning.
[Location on Map: ]
Chickens for sale in Xining, Qinghai (August 14, 2015).
[Location on Map: ]
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Elderly lady learns at a Quran school either in Shadian (Yunnan Province) or Neijiang.
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1. 'A woman in a long coat' by Shin Yun-bok, a late Joseon painter.
The custom of wearing a long robe made to cover a woman's body, i.e., a long robe, survived longer in the countryside than in the cities of Joseon.
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Some negative Japanese polices during their rule of Indonesia.
Source: Japan's Blueprint for Indonesia (The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2; Feb. 1946)
Yang Jingzhi; a KMT aligned Hui; infiltrated occupied China in 1941.
Why some Muslims remained under occupation;
1. The Japanese killed his brothers he needs to take care of his old parents.
2. The Japanese had enlisted him, moved him & his sick mother to Beijing, provided...
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Thread:
Ma Hongkui; Warlord of Ningxia with his Hui troops during the Chinese Civil War (1948).
When the KMT lost the war he fled to America.
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The current Dalai Lama was born in Qinghai.
When he was 4 y.o. in 1939; he was held by Ma Bufang who demanded 400K silver yuan from the Tibetan govt in return for him.
Lhasa requested Chiang to intervene but he was powerless and could only "authorize" Ma to resolve the issue.
Though the Ma families were not very popular, they ruled by combining fear with manipulation of ethnic & religious ties.
The North-Western Hui felt that at least they were being ruled & oppressed by a tyranny of their own; Rather than the unreliable KMT or anti-religion CCP.
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Linxia, Gansu, (c.1940)
Muslims and Ma Faction soldiers on a street filled with shops and a food stall.
Outside Xiahe Town, Xiahe County, Gansu, (1937):
A Muslim carries two slaughtered sheep with a wooden pole and a Ma faction soldier stops him and asks for the price.
A Tibetan girl carries a wooden bucket of water in the background.
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Songjiang Mosque (松江清真寺), Shanghai:
1). 29 May 2009.
2). 12 October 2019.
3). 21 March 2015.
Jiamusi Mosque, Heilongjiang, North Eastern China i.e. Manchuria.
(17 February 2018)
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The tomb of Sultan Sulayman Du Wenxiu, the leader of the Panthay rebellion in Yunnan.
―First photo is from July 23, 2022.
[Location:
]
During the 19thC. Anti-Qing rebellions, there was limited cooperation btw the rebel factions.
Taiping sent a delegation to encourage the Yunnanese Muslims.
The Nian Rebels also cooperated with the North-Western Muslims against the Qing. But mutual distrust caused them to clash.
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‒Ma Bufang greets an American team carrying out flights to keep aid flowing to the Muslim North-West (1949).
‒Some in the US hoped that the Hui would be able to hold the CCP's advance, but insufficient support from both the US govt. & Chiang Kai Shek caused the plan to collapse.
Report (August 03, 1949):
‒Ma Bufang messaged Osman Batur, asking him to come to Qinghai for a conference—perhaps to discuss cooperation with regards to resisting the CCP advance.
‒Osman did not go himself, but on July 5, he sent his secretary Kurmanbai to meet Ma Bufang.
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Ningxia (NYT: May 2, 1949)
‒12,000 of Ma Hongkui's soldiers parade to show their commitment to resisting the Red advance into Republican China's Muslim North-West.
‒Due to insufficient aid from Chiang & his relative Ma Hongbin's betrayal, Ma Hongkui fled to Taiwan by September.
Northwest China (c.1939):
Ma faction soldiers as anti-Japanese guerrillas.
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Eid al-Fitr (2023):
1. Eid Prayer (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan)
2. Kosovar Muslims at Grand Mosque in Pristina for the Eid prayer.
3. Eid prayer at the central mosque in Khujand, Sughd region, Tajikistan.
4. Serbian Muslims at the Bajrakli Mosque in central Belgrade.
- RFE/RL
Eid 2021:
1. Gadel Mosque in Kazan in the Russian republic of Tatarstan.
2. Prayers at a mosque in Minsk, Belarus.
3. Kosovar Muslims attend morning prayers in Pristina
4. Prayers at a mosque in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Muslim girl in hooded veil Between 1932 and 1938
- Lanzhou (North-western China)
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Muslim girls & boys studying the Quran & Islamic knowledge.
Hezhou (Linxia), Gansu, China (1933).
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Uzbekistan (1959):
Merchants at Samarkand market.
(1). Merchant wearing motorcycle goggles.
- Samarkand, Uzbekistan 1959
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Linxia, Gansu, (1934):
1. A Dongxiang Muslim elder speaking to a Christian missionary.
2. Either Dongxiang or Salar Muslim (near Linxia).
Dongxiang County, Gansu, North West China (1934):
An old Dongxiang Muslim shoulders a pair of wooden buckets of water walking on the hilly road.
A local Muslim rides a donkey on a road in the Dongxiang countryside.
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Pudong Mosque, Pudong, Shanghai:
1). 2 January 2018.
2). Prayer Hall (24 September 2015).
3). Halal Shop (2 January 2018).
Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, Huangpu District, Shanghai (12 January, 2015):
1. Entrance.
2. Prayer Hall.
3. Women's Section.
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Linxia, Gansu, North-West China (1940):
A Hui Muslim named Ma holds a flower (narcissus or fragment lily), his family has a big garden at their Home in Linxia city.
(Flowers below)
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Nippon Yusen (NYK) is a Japanese steamship company that transported Chinese Muslims to Makkah for the Hajj on discounted tickets.
1. Yusen Building built in 1923 it was dismantled in 1976.
2. Katori Maru; one of the ships used by Hajjis to reach Singapore from Shanghai in 1925.
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Report on the Muslim Quarter in the port city of Kobe, Japan from al-Fath (April, 1934).
- Turkic, Javanese, Indians.
- Community very active.
- Good Islamic atmosphere.
- Children learnt Tatar/Turkic? + Japanese + English.
- First official masjid in Japan to be built here.
Puguang, 愛新覺羅·溥侗 (1877-1952), the cousin of the last Manchu Emperor Puyi.
He converted to Islam in 1930.
Wallahu A'lam, the sincerity of his Iman.
His conversion was reported in al Fath (Apr25, 1935)
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Jiamusi Mosque, Heilongjiang, North Eastern China i.e. Manchuria.
(17 February 2018)
Pudong Mosque, Pudong, Shanghai:
1). 2 January 2018.
2). Prayer Hall (24 September 2015).
3). Halal Shop (2 January 2018).
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Xunhua, Qinghai, North-West China (1932):
Muslim men use an iron chain to escort a criminal.
(background: trees, sheep and mountain)
Gansu, North-West China (1940):
A group of armed Ma faction cavalrymen riding across pastoral land on the way from Linxia to Xining.
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Calang, West Aceh, Indonesia (March 25, 2024):
Volunteers pray Salatul Janazah before burying the bodies of Rohingya refugees recovered at sea by the National Search and Rescue Agency at the Teuku Umar Hospital.
(Zahlul Akbar / AFP)
11 Rohingya found dead after Indonesia boat capsize: officials
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Eid Mubarak.
Linxia, Gansu, North-West China (1940):
Salar Muslim peddlers sell Food, Fried Sweet Pastry, Beef for the Eid festival.
Linxia, Gansu, North-West China (1938):
A huge crowd of Muslim gathers around an Akhund for the Eid prayer and the Khutbah after Ramadhan ends.
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Tianjin, China (1936):
1. Hui Muslims performing Wudhu (Ritual Ablution) before undergoing Prayer; Great Southern Mosque.
2. Gate of the Great Northern Mosque.
1. Hui Muslims in front of the prayer-hall.
2. Hui Muslims and a foreign missionary exchange greetings.
3. Joyful Hui Children, Boys and Girls in the courtyard (Background: a big pottery cylinder for golden fish).
- The Great Northern Mosque, Tianjin, China (1936).
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Gansu, China (1940):
1. Two Veiled Muslim women on horseback guided by a Muslim man traveling to Linxia, beside the city walls.
3. Two Muslims drive cattle to plow the land in the field, near Linxia.
𝟚.𝟜. Linxia city gate, Mosques & Minarets in the Muslim quarter in Winter.
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Muslim man combs his beard after Wudhu at a mosque in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
(2017?)
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Muhammed Makin (Ma Jian)'s 1934 book
نظرة جامعة في تاريخ الإسلام في الصين وأحوال المسلمين فيها
Originally a series of lectures delivered in the presence of the likes of Rashid Rida, it was published by Muhibuddin al Khatib's المطبعة السلفية.
Badr ul Din al-Sini (Hai Weiliang)'s 1950 book "The Relations between the Arabs and China".
العلاقات بين العرب والصين - بدر الدين حي الصيني
مكتبة النهضة المصرية - القاهرة
He dedicates the book to the Warlord "Hussein" Ma Bufang.
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Muslims come from different villages come to an open field near Linxia for the Eid prayer.
(Also visible: stream, farm land, snow covered mountain)
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Qinghai, China:
1. Qargan man (Tibetan Muslim). Hualong, summer of 1933.
2. Salar Muslims with oxen skin and wool. Xunhua, 1933.
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