Int’l Law Studies
@IntLawStudies
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The oldest international law journal in the U.S. Professionally edited, peer reviewed, and open access. @StocktonCenter @NavalWarCollege
Newport, Rhode Island
Joined December 2014
@IntLawStudies's volume on military AI continues with "Legal Issues Arising From the Military Use of AI-Supported Biometrics," by Marten Zwanenburg, analyzing the issues raised by use of AI-supported biometrics in military contexts.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Biometrics is increasingly used by armed forces for a variety of purposes, such as access control, the registration of detainees, and increasingly also targeting. The capabilities of biometric...
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@IntLawStudies's volume on military AI continues with "AI and Naval Operations," by Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg. The article provides a brief analysis of the legality of naval AI systems under the law of naval warfare.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Artificial intelligence systems in naval operations are reality. They enhance naval capabilities in various respects. Autonomous surface and underwater vehicles depend on such systems. Moreover,...
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@IntLawStudies's volume on military AI continues with "Military AI and the Specter of the Limitless War," by Yuval Shany & Yahli Shereshevsky, arguing that AI may upend the strategic restraint that has applied to IHL.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Legal and extra-legal factors related to the development of international humanitarian law (IHL) support the exercise of strategic restraint during armed conflicts. We claim, however, that technolo...
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New article in @IntLawStudies. In "The Doctrine of Constructive Presence and Damage to Submarine Cables and Other Critical Underwater Infrastructure," James Kraska & Elizabeth Hutton argue for expansive use of the doctrine of constructive presence.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Maritime law enforcement regarding attacks on critical underwater infrastructure remains one of the weakest parts of the legal system governing undersea infrastructure. While the UN Convention on the...
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New @IntLawStudies volume. Volume 107 contains articles from the March 2025 University of Reading and Stockton Center workshop examining the application of international law to the use of military AI. The first set of articles is here:
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Classification of the Armed Conflicts in the Near East," Marco Sassòli explores the proper classification of Israel’s conflicts with Hamas and Hezbollah and discusses how the IHL of IAC or NIAC applies to those conflicts.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
This article explores the proper classification of Israel’s current conflicts with Hamas and Hezbollah as international or non-international armed conflicts. It discusses the different possibilities...
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New article in @IntLawStudies, in "Iran and Its Proxies: Attribution and State Responsibility," Jennifer Maddocks examines Iran's potential responsibility for acts on the part of its proxies that violate its international legal obligations.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Iran has invested heavily in proxy militias since the regime's founding in 1979. In the decades that followed, groups such as Hezbollah in Lebanon, Shi'a militias in Iraq and Syria, and the Houthis...
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New in @IntLawStudies: In 2025 the U.S. explained its position on the legal character of UNCLOS's seabed mining provisions to the Int'l Seabed Authority Assembly and the UNCLOS Meeting of States Parties. Read the statements at https://t.co/m9WmAcdSwK and https://t.co/6jM23Tn25Z.
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New in @IntLawStudies: Remarks by Admiral Samuel Paparo, Commander, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, at INDOPACOM's Military Law and Operations Conference, September 8, 2025.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Admiral Samuel J. Paparo, Commander, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, Remarks at the Military Law and Operations Conference, September 8, 2025
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New article in @IntLawStudies: "Space: The Final Frontier (For State Power): The History of the East India Company and the Future of Outer Space," by Richard Culbert, draws analogies for outer space from the experience of the British East India Company.
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The third article in Lena Trabucco's three-part research series on AI-Enabled Autonomous Weapons and Human Control has just been published online in @IntLawStudies. Part III is Human Control and System Operators.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
This article is the third installment of a three-part series on AI-enabled weapons and human control. Artificial intelligence (AI) is shaping debates about military technology by challenging the role...
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The second article in Lena Trabucco's three-part research series on AI-Enabled Autonomous Weapons and Human Control has just been published online in @IntLawStudies. Part II is Human Control and Military Commanders.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
This article is the second installment of a three-part series exploring human control throughout the entire life cycle of an autonomous weapon system (AWS). The series aims to understand the decisi...
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New article series in @IntLawStudies: The first article in Lena Trabucco's three-part research series on AI-Enabled Autonomous Weapons and Human Control has just been published online. Part I is Human Control and Machine Learning Design and Development.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
At the center of the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous weapon systems (AWS) is the challenge of human control. AI has the potential to reshape the boundaries of military...
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Proportionality: Can’t Live With It But Can’t Live Without It," Geoff Corn examines the implementation of the rule of proportionality: "perhaps the most hotly debated aspect of international humanitarian law."
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Perhaps no other word in the international humanitarian law lexicon evokes more interest and emotion than proportionality. How States implement the rule of proportionality is perhaps the most hotly...
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "The U.S. Executive Order on Seabed Mining is Consistent with International Law," James Kraska argues that the prospective US seabed mining authorized by EO 14285 does not violate any rule of international law.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
This article analyzes the legality of U.S. unilateral seabed mining authorized by Executive Order 14285, signed by President Donald Trump on April 24, 2025, permitting mineral extraction on the U.S....
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems in Warfighting at Sea," Nicholas Kadlec examines nuances in the law of naval warfare that make it more accommodating of AI and less risky than the law of land warfare.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Much of the debate surrounding the military use of artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on lethal autonomous weapons systems. Those are systems that, once activated, can select and engage...
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Cosmic Force: A Framework for Applying the Prohibition of the Use of Force in Outer Space," Erin Pobjie develops the first comprehensive legal framework for identifying a prohibited use of force in outer space.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
Outer space is becoming increasingly contested and existing approaches to identifying prohibited force in outer space lack a systematic foundation, hindering their application to novel challenges...
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Houthi Maritime Terrorism: Severing the Iranian Lifeline," Pete Pedrozo looks at how the US has legally responded to unlawful Houthi attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
The Houthis have carried out an unprecedented assault on commercial shipping and foreign warships operating in international waters off the Arabian Peninsula that has changed the face of maritime...
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Re-Envisioning Nuclear Deterrence," Pete Pedrozo examines whether the U.S. nuclear umbrella is viable and whether it is time for the U.S. to share nuclear technology with its allies to counter growing nuclear threats.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
This article examines whether the U.S. nuclear umbrella provided to allies is currently viable and whether it is time for the United States to share nuclear weapons technology with its allies in the...
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New article in @IntLawStudies: In "Normative Contestation in the International Order: Is China Remaking Global Governance?," Kal Raustiala examines China’s approach to global order and its focus on revitalizing certain principles of international law.
digital-commons.usnwc.edu
This essay explores China’s approach to global order. China’s remarkable rise has coincided with increasing engagement with the institutions of global governance. These institutions—in particular the...
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