The permittivity of free space, commonly denoted as $\varepsilon_0$, is a fundamental physical constant that measures the ability of a vacuum to permit...

The permeability of free space, often denoted as $\mu_0$, is a physical constant that describes the amount of magnetic field produced per unit of magnetic...

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are a type of vacuum tube used to detect and amplify signals from individual photons. PMTs are known for their high sensitivity...

The Dirac Sea is a theoretical model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy. It was first postulated by the British physicist...

The Hartman Effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which the tunneling time for a particle to pass through a potential barrier becomes independent of...

In the realm of particle physics, Hadrons are a class of particles that are made up of quarks, antiquarks, and gluons, bound together by the strong nuclear...

The Gouy phase is a phase shift that occurs for a beam of light when it propagates through a focusing or defocusing element, like a lens. This phase shift...

Gluons are elementary particles that mediate the strong interaction, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. They are the force carriers of the strong...

The Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory, named after physicists Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a phenomenological theory that describes superconductivity and...

D'Alembert's principle, named after French mathematician and physicist Jean le Rond d'Alembert, is a fundamental concept in classical mechanics. This...

The de Sitter universe is a solution to Einstein's field equations of general relativity, representing a cosmological model. Named after the Dutch astronomer...

The d'Alembert operator, also known as the d'Alembertian or wave operator, is a second-order differential operator that is essential in the study of wave...

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. These particles, which are primarily protons, are one of the few direct...

Cerenkov Radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity...

Brewster's angle, also known as the polarization angle, is a particular angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly...

Baryons are a class of subatomic particles that belong to the hadron family, which also includes mesons. They are composed of three quarks, which are...

Babinet's Principle, named after French physicist Jacques Babinet, is a theorem concerning diffraction in the field of optics. The principle states that the...

An atomic clock is a type of clock that uses the vibrations of atoms to measure time with extreme precision. The most common type of atomic clock, the cesium...